下一篇：“高价”难掩国产手机的内虚本质
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20世纪50年代出版的《星期六晚报》，美国电力公司的广告中勾勒出无人车的畅想图
zairuanjianhehulianwangzhihou，conglaimeiyouyigedangedexifenshichangshoudaorucidadeguanzhu、dedaoruciduodezibenzhichi、bingqieyouruciduoderencaiyongru。
在我看来，无人车是整个汽车软件化、互联网化、智能化中的一个重要环节，它是人类迈向自动化社会的关键技术。danshi，youyudisanboaidezhuyaogongxian——jianduxuexidetedian，wurenchefazhanxuyaodaliangshujudejilei。yinci，zhenzhengdedisijinaizhidiwujiwurenchejishushangyehuahaiyoudaishiri。ershanzhangchanpinhuadegongsi、youjishutuponenglidegongsijiangtuyingerchu。
tongshi，woxiguanxingdiyishangyedejiaodu、touzidejiaodulaishenshizheigelingyu。worenwei，muqiandewurenchegongsirengchuyujishutupojieduan，danshiyidannenggoushixianwurenchedebufenshangyehua，zeweiaizaiqitagengdadelingyu，rujiqirenlingyudeshangyehuadaxiajishu、jingyanherencaidejichu。
benwenjiangtaolunyixiahuati：
1. wurenchejishudanshengdebeijing：qicheshichangdelishiyangehexianzhuang—congzhizaodaoruanjian
2. wurenchegongsidesanzhongmoshi：aiqudong、zaochequdongjifuwuyunyingqudong
3. tuanduizujian：wenhuadechongtu
4. weilaidetiaozhanhequshi
1. wurenchejishudanshengdebeijing
1）qicheshichangdelishiyangehexianzhuang——congzhizaodaoruanjian
福特”T”型车生产线
zi1908nianhengli·futedefutegongsituichu”txingche”bingbataliangchanzhihou，qichegongyezaizhihoudejin50nianbingmeiyoutaidadegemingxingbiange，yineiranjiqudongbingdaguimodeliangchanshigongyegemingzhihoudexianzhutedian。
直到日本丰田在二十世纪50年代发明了“丰田生产体系” 即 “TPS（Toyota Production System）”，后来麻省理工学院称之为“精益生产（Lean Production）”。jingyishengchanshiyizhongyizuidaxiandudijianshaoqiyeshengchansuozhanyongdeziyuanhejiangdiqiyeguanliheyunyingchengbenweizhuyaomubiaodeshengchanfangshi。zheiyishengchanfangshiyinghelehoulaixingqidexiaopiliangdingzhidexiaofeixuqiu，shideribenqichezaiguojishichangdaxingqidao。
tongyangzaizhizaoyejubeiqiangdayoushideshiouzhouguojia，youqishideguo，qizhuiqiuzhilianghewanmeishejidejingshenshidedeguoqicheyizhishizhonggaoduanqichedeshouxuanzhiyi，zaierzhanzhihouzhijindechaoguobangeshijideshijianneiyizhizhanjushichanglingdaodiwei。
zhangjiuyilai，qicheyonghuyijingxiguanlejiangqichezuoweiyigeputongdejiaotonggongju，womensuoqiwangdegongnengwufeishifangxiangkongzhi、donglikongzhi、yijijiandandeyulexinxixitongrudiantai、cdbofangji。yizhiyilaideshejilinianshi，kaicheshixuyaozhuanxinheanquandijinxing，erqitadegongnengbingbuzhongyao。
直到2004年Elon Musk入主当时的汽车初创公司Tesla, 并将诸多革命性的理念带入到汽车领域（如重视软件、互联网等设计理念）。2013nian，teslazaiqimodel sxingcheshangjiazaichicundadao17yingcundepadxianshiping，shideqichenenggoutigongruiphonebandetiyan，zheishiqicheyemaixiangruanjianhuahezhinenghuadelichengbei。
zaizhinengshoujizhihou，renmenturanfaxian，yigewomentiantiandouzaishiyongdepingtai，erqieshigangxingxuqiudepingtai-qiche，rengrantingliuzai20nianqiandezhuangtai，yinci，zaiqicheshangdazaoyigeruanjianhehulianwangdeshengtai，chengweiguoqu5~10niantouzijiederedian。
汽车软件市场规模的历史和预测（2016~2025）
youyuxingchediannaodefazhan，anquanhegongnenganquanyijibuduanbianhuadecheliangjiagoudailailejudadejisuanpingtaixuqiu，congercujinleqicheruanjianshichangdezengzhang。jumarketsandmarketsdetongji，2018nianquanqiuqicheruanjianshichangyijingdadao187yimeiyuandeguimo，juguji，zi2019niandao2025nian，qicheruanjianshichangnianzengzhanglvjiangbaochida18.12%，yujidao2025niandadao600yimeiyuandeguimo，zheigezengzhanglvshifeichanglingrenzhenjingde，qicheyezaicuishengxinderuanjianjutou。
qicheruanjiandegexindianzhuyaoyouyixiajidian：
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems（ADAS），jigaojijiashifuzhuxitong
autonomous drive：wurenjiashijishu
vehicle electrification：qichedianqihua
digital cockpit technologies：shuzizuocangjishu
vehicle to vehicle technologies: chelianwangyijicheshanghulianwangjishu
2）qichechuangxinzhongxin：congdeguo、ribendaomeiguo、zhongguo
shangtushi2017nianguigushangyedichangongsicbrezuodebeijiazhouqichejishuxiangguangongsidefenbutu，womenchijingdifaxian，guigudeqichegongsijingranruyuhouchunsunbanmaolechulai，dadao400duojia。
weishenmezheixiexinxinggongsimeiyouchuxianzaiditelv、riben、huozhedeguo？
答案如上面描述，汽车在向软件化、智能化和互联网化发展，拥有这些基因的人才不在日本、德国和底特律，而是在硅谷，在中国！
huozheribenhedeguoyijingyishidaozheiyidian，zaiguoqudejiniannei，tamentongguotouzi，daliangrugumeiguoxinxingqichejishugongsi，ruwurenchejishucruisededaoruanyinhefengtianchaoguo20yimeiyuandetouzi，erfusiyechunchunyudong，yiduyuyi10yimeiyuanshougouqianwaymowurenchefuzerenchris urmsonchuanglideaurora, danzaodaojujue，houyouchuanyanyutouzifutesuoshougoudeargo ai。
bujinshirencaifangmiandexianzhi，tongyangzairenliziyuanfalvzhidufangmian，deguoheribenderuanjianchuangxinshoudaojidadezhigu。deguodelizhijiaojietongchangyaojigeyueshenzhibannian，erqieliangguoqiyepubiannanyicaiyuan，zheizaochengqiyehennangenjushunxiwanbiandeshichanglaidiaozhengqirenlibushu，zhangciyiwang，zezaochengdiedaihuanman，yanwushichangshiji。
zaiwokanlai，sunzhengyideruanyinkandaoleribenqiyemianlindeweiji，yincidaliangtouzizhongmeixinxingchuxinggongsiruuber，didi，yijiwurenchejishugongsicruise、uber atg, qichushoudexiajiayijingbeihao，neijiushifengtian、bentian、nisang、mazidadengdengjidaibiangederibenqiye。
1975年~2017年全美交通事故死亡统计：总计死亡人数，以及每10万人死亡人数
zaiqicheruanjianhuadequshixia，rengranyoufeichanggaodeqicheshigulvyijishigusiwanglv。jutongji，jinjinzai2017nian，quanmeidejidongcheshigusiwangrenshujiujiangjin4wanren，neiyejiuyiweizhe，meitianyoujin100rensiyujiaotongshigu，xiangdangyumeitianyouyijiaboyin747feijidiaoxialai。zheiyangdeshuzishifeichangkepade。
最根本的原因是，每一辆汽车后面，都有一个拥有“自由意志”的驾驶者，这样的自由意志会因为吸毒、喝酒、疲惫、意识错乱、受干扰等等各种原因造成人身伤亡的事故。于是业界开始考虑，能否通过人工智能技术来训练素质最高的机器驾驶员、而代替容易出错的人类的驾车呢？
2. wurenchegongsidesanzhongmoshi：aiqudong、zaochequdongjichuxingfuwuyunyingqudong
“jinridewurenchejiuxiangmalacheyiyang，aidezhilizuiduonenggoudadaomadezhili。“
——jesse levinson，wurenchedujiaoshouzooxlianhechuangshiren，cto
16nianqiande2002nian，dangwocanyukaifajintianwurenchelidehaomiboleidajishu，bingbaleidazhuangzaishangqidecheshangzailushangceshideshihou，womenbingmeiyouxiangdaorihoushijuejishu、shenduxuexihuirucidianfuqiche，yewufaxiangxiangwurenchebianderucizhishoukere。
归根结底，人类是用视觉来驾驶汽车的。而视觉也能探测到最丰富的环境信息。zi2012nianshenduxuexidedaoguangfanguanzhuyilai，jisuanjishijueyincihuodezhangzufazhan。ganzhizuoweijisuanjishijuededianxingyingyong，zaiguoqujinianneihuodelejudadejinbu。
无人车的问题从根本上是一个系统工程问题，需要解决核心的AI技术问题、感知问题以及无人车技术的可靠性、稳定性问题。zaimianlinzheiyangdetiaozhandeshihou，tuanduidejiyinjiujuedinglezheigegongsidezhangbanheduanban。congzheiyiyishangjiang，wurencheshichangdezheixiegongsikeyidazhifenweisanzhongqudongmoshi：aiqudong、zaochequdongyijichuxingyunyingfuwuqudongmoshi。
AI驱动
最早进行无人车技术研究的商业公司是Google, 后成立专门的子公司Waymo。2009年，原斯坦福大学人工智能实验室主任Sebastian Thrun领导Google X lab开始无人驾驶方面的研究，他在之前分别领导了两支无人车研究团队，获得了DARPA challenge 2005年的冠军（斯坦福团队）和2007年的亚军（卡内基梅隆团队）。
2012nianzhihoushenduxuexideyijuntuqijidaditisulewurencheganzhijishuheditujishudefazhan。yinci，jubeijisuanjishijuejishujishenduxuexideaituanduisuizhifenfenchulaichuangye，erwurenchelingyuyeshitamenxuanzezuiduodelingyu。rucidetuanduibaokuositanfuchulaizoox，drive.ai， kaneijimeilongdaxuedebryan saleskyhepeter randerchuanglideargo ai，zhongguobaiduchulaidepengjunjiloutianchengchuanglidepony aidengdengaiyanjiuzhechuanglidewurenchegongsi。
zheixieaiyanjiuzhechuangyedegongsiyouhenqiangdeyanjiuhejishujiyin，danshimianlinqichezheigexuyaodaliangxingyezhishihejingyandelingyu，tamenxuyaoxiyingengduoyouxiudefeiairencai，rucheliangjicheng、kongzhidengdengrencai。tongshi，ruhejiangzheixiejishuchanpinhua，binghuodegailingyudedaguimoshangyong，tongyangshijudadetiaozhan。
yinci，chuqizheixiegongsidadouxuanzel4zheiyangjiaonengfahuiaijishunenglidechangjing，birushuorobo-taxi, houlaiqizhongyixiegongsiyouyuchanpinluodiheshangyehuadeyali，kaishijinxingyixiexianzhichangjingjishudekaifa，ruwurenkache，wuliudengdeng。
duiyurobo-taxizheiyangdeyingyong，worenweiyouruxiajigetiaozhan：
技术的挑战：l4zheiyangdechangjingyaoqiumeibaiwanyinglideshigulvdidaogeweishu，duiyujintiandeganzhiheguihualaijiang，rengranshihendadetiaozhan，kuangqie，jiuruwaymodeganzhibuzongjiansacha arnoudsuoyan，zuodao90%xiangduirongyi，shengxiade10%zexuyaozhangda90%deshijianlaiwancheng，qizhongdehenduoqingkuangshicorner case, yejiushishuobushichangjiandeqingkuang，xuyaojihuqiongju。
成本的挑战：jiuruwaymodejiejuefangan，xuyaojiguangleidadengangguidechuanganqi，shidejiazhuangdechuanganqihejisuandanyuandengbujiandechengbenshenzhishiqichebenshende3-4beiyishang，zaijiashangwaymodejiejuefangangaoduyilaigaoqingditu，ergoujianhecehuigaoqingdituxuyaodaliangderenliwuli。ruguorobo-taxixuyaodianfumuqiandefuwutigongche，ruuber, lyfthuozhedidi，tamendechengbenzaimeiyingli2meiyuanzuoyou，neirobo-taximeiyinglidechengbenyinggaizaiyimeiyuanyixia，jintiandejishubujinbunenggouheuberdenggongsijingzheng，shenzhiyuangaoyumeiyingliliangmeiyuandechengben。
风险转移：l3dehaochushi，hexindechanpinshiqiche，erqichebaoxianyetigongleyigekegusuandefengxianzhuanyijizhi，erduiyul4zheiyangdeyingyongeryan，youyubaoxianyemuqianhaibuzhidaoruhepingguwurenchedailaidefengxian，yinci，haibunenggoujirobo-taxideyunyingzhetigongyigehelidefengxianzhuanyijizhi，zheiduileisiyingyongdeshangyehuashizhimingde。
当然，并不是这些挑战就会阻止这个市场的发展，人类的进步意义恰恰就是不畏艰险，迎难而上。suizhejishudefazhanhewomenjubeigengduodejingyan，xiangxinhuizaishangyehuashangshixiangemingxingdetupo。
造车驱动
zaidaliangaichuchuangqiyekaishishezuqichelingyu，bingzhiliyugemingxingdigaibianzheigexingyedeshihou，chuantongdehexinxingdezaocheqiyejungandaojudadeweixie。ruguoqichedeweilaishiwurenjiashi，zaocheqiyezuoweiyuanlaichanpindetigongzhe，yidingyaoyinghexindeshichangqushi，yinci，tamenkaishiwusegeleiwurenchechuchuanggongsi，huoshougou，huohezuo，huotouzi。xianhouyoutongyongqicheshougoucruise automation，futeruguargo ai， tesilachuangjianzijidewurenchetuandui，fengtianjibentiantouzicruisedengdenganli。
che，zuoweiyigechanpin。zaoche，zuoweidazaozheigechanpindeguocheng。zaocheqiyeziranjubeihenqiangdexingyezhishi。danshi，dangyigeshuxizaochedeqiyexuyaoyongbaoshuxiruanjian、 ai、hulianwangdetuanduideshihou，ziranhuiyinqijudadewenhuachongtu。yinci，keyijingchangkandao，yigezaochedeqiyenanyixiyinyouxiudeaiheruanjiantuandui，eryigeyiaiqijiadewurenchegongsi，nanyixiyinshuxizaochehechelianggaizaokongzhidetuandui。
当造车步向自动化和智能化的时候，车这个产品的内涵也发生了很大的变化，核心的一个变化是迭代周期的变化，过去一辆车可以研发好几年，现在更强调的硬件平台一旦确定，则如何更快速的根据用户反馈来迭代软件版本。无人车也是一样，不断的功能被汽车产商以OTA（空中下载技术）defangshigengxindaochepingtaishang。
相对于L4的企业而言，大多数的车企选择以L2、L3起步，这中间最著名的就是特斯拉，技术路线坚持无Lidar的视觉为主路线，用深度学习加上自己研发的神经网络专用集成来实现车载感知计算。因为其搭载这样的传感器配置车被销售到全球各地，而且数量高达几十万辆，因此在数据上也获得了巨大的优势。另外一种模式是利用被Intel收购的Mobileye提供的视觉解决方案，据Mobileye称，全球搭载其解决方案的车辆达到1600多万辆，而且共享的REM（道路经验管理）xitongkeyijileidaliangshuju，congertigaoqijiejuefangandejingzhundu。
对于中国大多数的新兴造车企业而言，他们不仅要解决造车问题，而且要面临全球性的汽车智能化、无人化的挑战。zaiqianjinianduanzanderechaozhihou，xinxingzaocheqiyekaishimianlinliangchanhejiaofudeyankewenti。danshi，jutongji，zhongguomeiniandeqichexiaoliangchaoguo3000wanliang，erdaliangdezhongxiaochengshihenongcunshichangdeqichebaoyoulianghaibijiaodi，xiangbiyumeiguomeiniandeqichexiaoliangyezhiyou2000duowanliang，zhongguoxianranjuyouquanqiuzuidadeqicheqianzaixiaofeishichang。
出行服务运营驱动
zaijiaotongchuxingxingyedelishishang，guoqushiniandefazhankeweishibolanzhuangkuo。yiuber、lyft、didi、ofo、limeweidaibiaoderuanjiangongsi，zijibushengchanyiliangche，danshiqueweishuyishushiyiderenquntigongrichangdechuxingfuwu，zheixiegongsidechenggongdiliyongruanjianhehulianwanggemingxingditigaojiaotongchuxinglingyudeyunyingxiaolv，bingqieshideputongrenzaiyouxiandeziyuanxia，huodelegengduodechuxingbianli。
uber、lyftzheixiegongsidehexinshixuqiuhegongjidequanjupipei、zhifudebianlixinghemianxiangxiaofeizheshequndewangluoxiaoying。zheixieshitamendejiyin。
dangtamenyishidaoweilaiyouyitianwurenchekenengchengweizhuliuhou，yuanyoudeshangyemoshi——suoweidegongxiangjingjimoshi——bianbucunzaigongxiangsijidexuqiu，eryongyouwurenchedeqiyejiukeyitigongfuwu。yinci，tamenbiandehenkonghuang。
yushi，womenjiukandaoubershougouotto, lyft、 didiyefenbiechuangjianlezijidewurenchetuandui。danshi，danguberzaoyuwenhuatiaozhanyijishangshideyalizhihou，yigegengtimiandeceobiandanqileranggongsinenggoushunlishangshidezeren，erwurenchezheiyangzhangyuandetouzi，zebushiuberzheiyangbuduanshaoqian、buduankuiqiandegongsinenggoudulifudandeyouxile，yushiyouleruanyinzuijinduixindulideuberwurencheyewudetouzi。
shuxichuxingyunyingfuwudegongsiziranzuijubeishangyebianxiandenengli。tamenshil4fangandezuizhongyaokehu，wentishi，ruguol4shixianle，zheixiegongsihaishinongchaoerma？
3. tuanduizujian：wenhuadechongtu
rutongshangwenzhongtidaode，zaiwurenchelingyu，yousandamingxiandewenhua：aiwenhua、hulianwangwenhuajizaochewenhua。xiamianmiaoshuyixiazheisanzhongwenhuadedianxingtezheng：
AI文化：tongchangshixueshupai，zaidubodushuojieduanjinxingguozhuanyedeaikexueyanjiu，shidisanboailangchaodezhulijunhezuidashouyizhe。qiangdiaosuanfayanjiudezhongyaoxing，yougongchengjingyanzhehaibijiaozhongshigongchengzhiliang，erchuncuidexueshupaizejingchanghulvegongchengdezhongyaoxing。
互联网文化：tongchangshihulianwangchuangyedeshouyizhe，qiangdiaochanpindezhongyaoxing，qiangdiaogenjuyonghutiyanjinxingkuaisudiedaidezhongyaoxing。hulianwangwenhuadexinfengzhetongchangshishiganpai，danshiyouyuguoyuqiangdiaoshijianhebuduanchangshidezhongyaoxing，nanmianmeiyoudiyunhejichulaijiejueleisiyuwurenchezheiyangfuzayingyonghoumiandekexuewenti。
造车文化：tongchangshiyipichangshijieshouxinxianshiwuruchelianwang、wurenchedezaocheliliang。qiangdiaozhizao、zhiliang，qiangyucheliangshejihezhizao，tongchangnanyijieshouhulianwangwenhuaheaiwenhuadailaidefuzaogan。tamenshiwurenchejishuluodibixuyikaodeliliang，tamenshichelianganquandedaiyanren，tongshi，zaihulianwangzheheaizhekanlai，tamenkenengshichuangxindelanluhu。
这三种文化没有对错之分，只是在这样需要各方力量合作的情况下，需要理解各方的背景和文化渊源，加深彼此的理解，以达到团队共赢，产品落地的结局。
4. weilaidequshihetiaozhan
zai2016nianzhihoujinsanniandefengkuangzibenzhuizhuxia，wurencheyijingkaishichangshiluodifaya。eryiwurencheweidaibiaodedisanboaikexueyanjiuhechuangyelangchao，zekaishijinrugaizaochuantongchanyedeshenshuiqu，mianlindetiaozhanbaokuowenhuachongtudetiaozhan、shichangjieshoududetiaozhan、yonghutiyandetiaozhanyijijingjichanchudetiaozhan。
wenhuadetiaozhancuchengledaliangdecheqiheaiqiyedehebinghuozhezhishaoshihezuo，shichangjieshoududetiaozhanshidewurenchejishuhuiguiyonghujiazhi，zhaodaozhenzhengyonghudetongdian，zhubutuichuyonghukeyishiyongdegongneng，birushuozidongboche、chedaoxianbaochi、shijuemubiaoshibie、zidonggenchedengdeng，yeyoubufenqiyexuanzelewuliudenglingyudeluodi。
eryonghutiyandetiaozhanhejingjichanchudetiaozhanzeyaoyanjundeduo。juyoubaodaofenxi，zaimeiguoyalisangneizhoushiyunxingdewaymowurenjiashiche，zaodaolezhuduoshimindediyi，tamenyoudeguyizhizaomafan，youdezequeshibeizheixiebuchengshudewurenchedejiashixiguanerkunrao。dangwurenchezheiyangdexinxingshiwukaishijiqianrenqianmiandefusitigongfuwudeshihou，caishiduizheixiegongsizuidadetiaozhan。
duiyujingjichanchueryan，guoqutouziwurenchedefengtouyijingdaliangshuxuedaozheixiegongsi，weilaitamenziranqiwanghengaodehuibao，danshiyimuqiandejishueryan，chengbendeyoushihaihennanxianxian。
bizhewuyiweiwurenchezheiyirenleiweidadekexuehegongchengchangshipolengshui。renhedemengxiangdouxuyaofuchujudadedaijia，yezhiyouzheiyang，renleicainenggouzaizheixieweidadekexuehegongchengxiezuodeguochengzhongdedaozuidadeshouhuo。woxiangxin，renleizhongyouyitianhuijiejuezheigewenti：ruhequebaojiashigaosuxingshicheliangdeshiyigechongfenjiankangerlixingdedanao。erwoyexiangxin，womenmeiyigerendouzaiweizheigemengxiangerfendou！
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