本文来自微信公众号：老和山下的小学僧，原文标题：《点沙成金：半导体》。
zaizhongguohe“waiguo”zheiliangguodejiaoliangzhong，jiujingnayiguogengzhanshangfeng？youshuozhongguodiaodawaiguo，youshuowaiguoqingsongbazhongguoenzaidishangmoca，shuangfangdouliejulelinlinzongzongdelizi，zhengdewomenchiguaqunzhongyilianmengbi。dangran，zhongjianpaikendingshuoliangguogeyoulibi，danzheijielunsuiranzhengquequemeishayingyang。xiangyaozaizhongwailiangguozheigehuatishangxiandeyoujianshi，dexiangaomingbaishashijishu？
hexinjishudaodishigesha？
把技术分分类，第一类姑且叫“可山寨技术”，或者叫“纯烧钱技术”，yourenxihuanwangzuobianshao，yourenxihuanwangyoubianshao，yushijiushaochulebutongdeyingyongjishu。zheibenzhishangshiyongjiujishujichengchuxinwanyier，biru，meididengyuedetuxingwuhao，tugongdekuahaidaqiao，xiaohuzideshushitanke，shenzhibaokuozhongguozhangchengheaijijinzita。dagebifang，zheiyoudianxiangjinisijilu：zuizhangdetoufa，zuizhangdezhijia，dengdeng……zheileidongxi，zhiyaoqiandaowei，gesheidoushaodechu，guanjiankanyoumeiyouxuqiu，suoyizheixieyekeyijiaoyingyongjishu。
biruzheizhongjiaqiaoji，jigegongyedaguodounenggao，dangaochulaizhinengdangwanju，zhiyoutugonggaochulaicaizhuanqian。
tugongfajiahou，bengfachuhailiangxuqiu，tuidonggezhongshaoqiandeyingyongjishujingpen，zhuanleqianyoukeyizizibujuandiwanshangezhongxijie，yushi，keyibuchuiniudeshuo，zhongguodeyingyongjishuyijinghezhenggewaiguopingqipingzuo。
第二类技术暂且叫“不可山寨技术”，或者叫“烧钱烧时间技术”，renheniubishebei，nipinmingwangxichai，zuizhongfaxiandoushicailiaojishu。
zuocailiaohezuocaichabuduo，fanqiechaodandechengfenkeyigaosuni，dannizuodecaijiushimeiwozuodehaochi，zheijiushihexinjishu。 chuleshengwuyixuezhiwai，hexinjishushuodaodijiushicailiaojishu。kanyichuanlizi：
发动机，工业皇冠上的明珠，是土工最遭人诟病的短板。其核心技术说白了就是涡轮叶片不够结实，油门踩狠了就得散架，无论是航天发动机、航空发动机、燃气轮机，只要带个“机”字，土工腰杆都有点软(可翻看前文《材料之殇：难产中国心》)。
cailiaojishuchuleshaoqian、shaoshijian，youshihaiyaodianyunqi。haishiyifadongjiweili：jinshulai，zheiwanyierheniehunyihun，zuochudewolunyepiandiaozhatian，laidequanqiutanmingchuliangdayue2500dun，zhuyaofenbuzaioumei，70%yonglaizuofadongjiwolunyepian，zheizhongzhanlvewuzi，tuotuobeimeidijinyun。qianjinianzaishanxifaxianyigechuliang176dundelaikuang，kebatugonglede，mashangpinlelaomingshaoqian，zheijiniankubishenghuocaiyouleqise。
xituyongciti，jiushiyongxituzuodecitie，nengyizhibaochicixing，yongchudadade。gaopinweixitukuangdaduofenbuzaizhongguo，suoyihe“ci”xiangguandejishu，tugongbimeidihainengdese，biruhejubian、taikonganwuzhitancedeng。jushuo，tugongqianjinianyeduimeidijinyun，bidemeidinalaijiaohuan，waijiashanxianhuibaochulaideneidianlai，j20defadongjicaisuanyouxiemeimu。
zuowei“gongyezhimu”degaoduanjichuang，tugongjibenhenanguozuyigeshuiping，zhinengyangwangribendeguoruishi。cailiaoshizuidadexianzhizhiyi，biru，gaosujiagongshi，zhuzhouhezhouchengmocachanshengrebianxing，daozhizhuzhoutaishengheqingxie，haiyoudaojumosun，dengdeng，suoyiduijiagongjingduyaoqiujigaodehuo，tugonghaishiwang“yang”xingtan。
guangxuejingti，tugongdebufenchanpinhainengduimeidishishijinyun，suoyiheguangxiangguandejishudouburuo，birujiguangwuqi、liangzitongxin。qidongwaixing，deyiyuqianxuesenneibeirendejidian，yuzhixiangguandejishuyeshiganggangde。
如果我们继续罗列，就会发现，应用宽泛的基础性材料，中国还是落后外国，应用相对较窄的细分领域，中国逐渐领跑。
小盆友们坐端正，重点来了！这种关键核心材料，全球总共约130种，也就是说，只要你有了这130种材料，就可以组装出世界上已有的任何设备，进而生产出已有的任何东西。
renleidehexinkeji，mouzhongchengdushangshuo，zhidejiushizhei130zhongcailiao，qizhong32%guoneiwanquankongbai，52%yilaijinkou，zaigaoduanjichuang、huojian、dafeiji、fadongjidengjianduanlingyubiligengxuanshu，lingjiansuiranshixianleguochan，danshengchanlingjiandeshebei95%yilaijinkou。zheixiekebushichenzhimalanguzideshiqing，ershigongxinbu2018nian7yuefabudeshuju，haixinxianzheni。
核心材料技术，说一句“外国仍把中国摁在地上”，一点都不过分。zheiqishihenrongyilijie，bijingfajiashijianbuzhang，ercailiaojishubudanyaoshaoqian，gengyaoshaoshijian。
这里得强调一下，应用技术并不比核心技术不重要，它需要资金、需求和社会实际情况的结合，虽然外国有能力烧，但也许一辈子都没机会烧。zheierkendingyourentaigangle：renjiazhishibuyuanyishao，buranfenfenzhongmiaoshani！hehe，ruguoqiangxingshaoqian，houguocanzhaolaomaozi。
磨叽半天，该回正题了，半导体芯片之所以难，是因为它不但涉及海量烧钱的应用技术，还有众多烧钱烧时间的材料技术。weilebianyulijie，zheihuadecongyuanlishuoqi。
芯片原理和量子力学
henduowenmangjuedeliangzilixuezhishiyigeshuxueyouxi，meiyouyingyongjiazhi，hehe，xiamianzanjijisuanjixinpianxungezuzong，qingkanshifan：
daoti，zannenglijie，jueyuanti，zanyenenglijie，xiaopenyoumendiyicibeiwulizhengmengde，pashibandaotile，suoyixiantigeweidewulilaoshibazheizhaihaishang。
yuanzizuchenggutishi，huiyouhenduoxiangtongdedianzihundaoyiqi，danliangzilixuerenwei，2gexiangtongdianzimeifadaizaiyigeguidaoshang，yushi，weilerangzheixiedianzibuzaiyigeguidaoshangdajia，henduoguidaojiufenliechenglehaojigeguidao，zheimeduoguidaojizaiyiqi，buxiaoxinaidejinle，jiubianchenglekuankuandedaguidao。zheizhongyouhenduoxiguidaojizaiyiqibianchengdekuanguidaojiujiaonengdai。
youxiekuanguidaojimanledianzi，dianzijiumeifayidong，youxiekuanguidaokongkuangdehen，dianzijiukeziyouyidong。dianzinengyidong，hongguanshangbiaoxianweidaodian，fanguolai，dianzidongbulejiubunengdaodian。
haole，womenbashiqingshuodejiandanyidian，buti“jiadai、mandai、jindai、daodai”degainian，zhunbeiquanzhongdian！
youxiemanguidaohekongguidaoaidetaijin，dianzikeyihaobufeilicongmanguidaopaodaokongguidaoshang，yushijiunengziyouyidong，zheijiushidaoti。yijiajinshudedaodianyuanlishaoyoubutong。
danhenduoshihouliangtiaokuanguidaozhijianshiyoukongxide，dianzidankaozijishikuabuguoqude，yejiubudaodianle。danruguokongxidekuanduzai5evzhinei，jidianzijiageewainengliang，yenengkuadaokongguidaoshang，kuaguoqujiunengziyouyidong，yejiushidaodian。zheizhongkongxikuandubuchaoguo5evdeguti，youshinengdaodianyoushibunengdaodian，suoyijiaobandaoti。
ruguokongxichaoguo5ev，neijibenjiudexiecai，zhengchangqingkuangxiadianzishikuabuguoqude，zheijiushijueyuanti。dangran，ruguoshinengliangzugoudadehua，bieshuo5evdekongxi，50evdouzhaoyangpaoguoqu，birugaoyadianjichuankongqi。
daozhei，youliangzilixuefazhanchudenengdaililunjiuchabuduochengxingle，nengdaililunxitongdijieshiledaoti、jueyuantihebandaotidebenzhiqubie，ji，qujueyumanguidaohekongguidaozhijiandejianxi，xueshudianshuo，qujueyujiadaihedaodaizhijiandejindaikuandu。
bandaotilixinpianyuanlihaihenyaoyuan，bieji。
henmingxian，xiangdaotizheizhongzhinanmeishakezhetengde，suoyidaoxiandaolejintianrengranshitongxian，jishushangmeiyourenhejinzhan，jueyuantidemingyunyechabuduo。
bandaotizheizhongaiaimeimeidexinggezuirongyigaoshiqing，suoyiyudianzishebeixiangguandechanyejibendoushuyubandaotichanye，ruxinpian、leida。
下面有点烧脑细胞。
jiyuyixiejiandandeyuanyin，kexuejiayongguizuoweibandaotidejichucailiao。guidewaicengyou4gedianzi，jiashemougegutiyou100geguiyuanzizucheng，neimetademanguidaojiujimanle400gedianzi。zheishi，yong10gepengyuanziqudaiqizhong10geguiyuanzi，erpengzheileisanjiayuansuwaicengzhiyou3gedianzi，suoyizheikuaigutidemanguidaojiuyoule10gekongwei。zheijiuxiangdangyuzaijimanrendegongjiaocheshangtengchulejigekongweizi，weidianzideyidongtigongletiaojian。zheijiaopxingbandaoti。
tongli，ruguoyong10gelinyuanziqudai10geguiyuanzi，linzheileiwujiayuansuwaicengyou5gedianzi，yincimanguidaoshangfaneryouduochule10gedianzi。xiangdangyujimanrendegongjiaochewaimianyouguale10geren，zheixierenfeichangrongyituoligongjiaoche，zheijiaonxingbandaoti。
现在把PN这两种半导体面对面放一起会咋样？不用想也知道，N型那些额外的电子必然是跑到P型那些空位上去了，一直到电场平衡为止，这就是大名鼎鼎的“PN结”。(动图来自《科学网》张云的博文)
zheishihouzaijiagezhengxiangdedianya，nxingbandaotineixieewaidedianzijiuhuiyuanyuanbuduanpaodaopxingbandaotidekongweishang，dianzideyidongjiushidianliu，zheishidepnjiejiushidaodiande。
ruguojiagefanxiangdedianyani？congpxingbandaotineilizaichoudianzidaonxingbandaoti，ernxingzaoyiguamanleewaidedianzi，duochulaidedianzibuduanzengqiangdianchang，zhizhidixiaowaijiadedianya，dianzijiubuzaijixuyidong，cishipnjiejiushibudaodiande。
dangran，shijishanghaishihuiyouweiruodedianziyidong，danhezhengxiangdianliuxiangbikehulvebuji。
如果你已经被整晕了，没关系，用大白话总结一下：PN结具有单向导电性。
haole，womenxianzaiyijingyouledanxiangdaodiandepnjie，ranhouni？bapnjieliangduanjieshangdaoxian，jiushierjiguan：
youleerjiguan，suishoudagedianlu：
sanjiaoxingdaibiaoerjiguan，jiantoufangxiangbiaoshidianliuketongguodefangxiang，abshishuruduan，fshishuchuduan。ruguoabujiadianya，dianliujiuhuishunzheaneitiaoxianliuchu，fduanjiumeiledianya；ruguoabtongshijiadianya，dianliujiuhuibeiduzaierjiguandelingyitou，fduanyejiuyouledianya。jiashebayoudianyakanzuo1，meidianyakanzuo0，neimezhiyoucongabduantongshishuru1，fduancaihuishuchu1，zheijiushi“yumendianlu”，
tongli，badianlugaichengzheiyang，neimezhiyaoabyouyigeshuru1，fduanjiuhuishuchu1，zheijiao“huomendianlu”：
xianzaiyoulezheixiejibendeluojimendianlu，lixinpianjiubuyuanle。nikeyishejichuyizhongdianlu，tadegongnengshi，bayichuan1he0，bianchenglingyichuan1he0。
jiandanjugelizi，jidiergehedisigeshuruduanjiadianya，xiangdangyushuchu0101，jingguotedingdedianlu，shuchuduankeyibiancheng1010，jidiyigehedisangeshuchuduanyoudianya。
womenlaiwangeshaoweifuzayidiandeju：
zuobianyou8geshuruduan，youbianyou7geshuchuduan，meigeshuchuduanduiyingyigefaguangguan。congzuobianshuruyichuanxinhao：00000101，jingguozhongjianyiduidedianlu，shideyoubianshuchulingyichuanxinhao：1011011。1daibiaoyoudianya，0daibiaowudianya，youdianyajiukeyidianliangduiyingdefaguangguan，ji7gefaguangguandianliangle5ge，yushi，jiudedaoleyigeshuzi“5”，rushangtusuoshi。
zhongyu，womenyijinggaodingleshuzishiruhexianshide！ruguonixiangjinxing1+1dejiafayunsuan，qidianludefuzachengdujiuyijingchaoguole99%derendezhishangle，jibianbensengqinzichushou，shejidianludeyunsuannengliyedibuguoyifusuanpan。
zhidaoyouyitian，yourenyong18000zhidianziguan，6000gekaiguan，7000zhidianzu，10000zhidianrong，50wantiaoxianzuchengleyigechaojifuzadedianlu，danshenglerenleidiyitaijisuanji，zhongda30dun，yunsuannengli5000ci/miao，haibujixianzaishouchijisuanqideshifenzhiyi。buzhidaodangshidegongchengshiweileanzhuangzheiduidianlu，naozichoujinleduoshaohui。
jiexialaidesilujiujiandanle，ruhebazhei30dundongxi，jichengdaozhijianeimedadedifangshangni？zheijiushixinpian。
芯片制造与中国技术
weileba30dundeyunsuandianlusuoxiao，gongchengshimenbaduoyudedongxiquanrengle，zhijiezaiguipianshangzhizuopnjiehedianlu。xiamiancongguipianchufa，shuoshuoxinpiandezhizuoguochenghezhongguosuochudeshuiping。
一、硅
bazheiwanyierlvhualezaizhengliu，keyidedaochunduhengaodegui，qiechengpianjiushiwomenxiangyaodeguipian。guidepingpanzhibiaojiushichundu，nixiangxiang，ruguoguiliyouyiduizazhi，neidianzijiubiexiangzaimanguidaohekongguidaozhijianpaoshunchang。
太阳能级高纯硅要求99.9999%，这玩意儿全世界超过一半是中国产的，早被玩成了白菜价。芯片用的电子级高纯硅要求99.999999999%(别数了，11个9)，jihuquanlaijinkou，zhidao2018nianjiangsudexinhuagongsicaishixianliangchan，muqiannianchan0.5wandun，erzhongguoyinianjinkou15wandun。
nandedeshi，xinhuadegaochunguichukoudaolebandaotiqiangguohanguo，pinzhiyinggaihaibucuo。buguo，30%dezhizaoshebeihaidejinkou……
高纯硅的传统霸主依然是德国Wacker和美国Hemlock(美日合资)，中国任重而道远。
二、晶圆
guitichunshixuyaoxuanzhuan，chengpinjiuzhangzheiyang：
suoyiqiepianhoudeguipianyeshiyuande，yincijiujiao“jingyuan”。zheicishibushiyijingyoudianershule？
qiehaozhihou，jiuyaozaijingyuanshangbachengqianshangwandedianluzhuangqilaide，ganzheihuodejiujiao“jingyuanchang”。geweipainaodaixiangxiang，yimuqianrenleidejishu，zenyangcainengwanchengzheizhongcaozuo？
yongyuanzicaozongshu？xiangduole，pengyou！dengnilianchengyujianfeixingdeshihou，renleihaibujiandenengcaozongyigeyigeyuanzizuchenggezhongqijian。jingyuanjiagongdeguochengyoudianfansuo。
shouxianzaijingyuanshangtuyicengganguangcailiao，zheicailiaojianguangjiuronghua，neiguangcongnalilai？guangkeji，keyiyongfeichangjingzhundeguangxian，zaiganguangcailiaoshangkechutuan，rangdixiadejingyuanluoluchulai。ranhou，yongdenglizitizheileidongxichongshua，luoludejingyuanjiuhuibeikechuhenduogoucao，zheitaoshebeijiujiaokeshiji。zaigoucaolichanrulinyuansu，jiudedaoleyiduinxingbandaoti。
wanchengzhihou，qingxiganjing，zhongxintushangganguangcailiao，yongguangkejiketu，yongkeshijikegoucao，zaisashangpeng，jiuyoulepxingbandaoti。
实际过程更加繁琐，大致原理就是这么回事。有点像3D打印，把导线和其他器件一点点一层层装进去。
zheikuaijingyuanshangdexiaofangkuaijiushixinpian。xinpianfangdalekanjiushichengduichengduidedianlu，zheixiedianlubingbubineitai30dunjisuanjidedianlugaoming，zuidicengdoushijiandandemendianlu。zhishicaiyonglegengduodeqijian，zuchenglegengpangdadedianlu，yunsuanxingnengziranjiutigaole。
jushuozheijiushiyigeyufeimendianlu：
tigewenti：weishabubaxinpianzuodegengdayidianni？zheiyangbujiukeyianzhuanggengduodianlulema？xingnengbujiuganshangwaiguolema？
zheigewentihenyouyisi，daanchuqijiandan：qian！yikuai300mmzhijingdejingyuan，16nmgongyikeyizuochu100kuaixinpian，10nmgongyikeyizuochu210kuaixinpian，yushijiagejiubianyileyiban，zaishichangshangjiunengsisienzhujingzhengduishou，zhuanleqianyoukeyizuogengduoyanfa，chajujiuzheimelakaile。
shuogetiwaihua，zhongguojunyongxinpianjibenshixianlezijizizu，yinweizanbujijiaoqianma！keyibaxinpianzuodedadade。lingwai，yuedadeguipianyudaozazhidegailvyueda，suoyixinpianyuedaliangpinlvyuedi。zongdelaishuo，daxinpiandechengbenyuanyuangaoyuxiaoxinpian，buguoduijunfanglaishuo，zheidoubujiaoshier。
可别把“龙芯”和“汉芯”混为一谈
三、设计与制造
yongshuyiyijideqijianzuchengrucipangdadedianlu，xiangxiangjiutoupifama，suoyixinpiandeshejiyichangzhongyao，zhongyaodaolehecailiaojishuxiangtibinglundedibu。
yigelukouhonglvdengshezhibuheli，jiukenengdaozhidapianduche。dianzizaixinpianshangpaolaipaoqu，shaoweiyougepnjiechuwenti，dianzitongyanghuiduche。zheizhongjingqiaodexianlusheji，zhiyouyizhongbanfakeyijianyan，neijiushi：yong！daliangdaliangdeyong！xianzaizhidaoxinpianchengbendezhongyaoxingleba，yinweinibuhuiduohuaqianqumaiyitaixingnengxiangtongdediannao，erxinpianqiyemeileshichangfene，henrongyixianruexingxunhuan。
正因为如此，芯片设计不光要烧钱，也需要时间沉淀，属于“烧钱烧时间”的核心技术。既然是核心技术，自然就会发展出独立的公司，所以芯片公司有三类：设计制造都做、只做设计、只做制造。
bandaotishitaiwanshaoyouderenglingxiandaludejishule，jiyulianganshizhishangdefenzhizhuangtai，suoyizhongguodaluhetaiwanzanqiefenkaibiaoshu。
早期的设计制造都是一块儿做的，最有名的：美国英特尔、韩国、ribendongzhi、yidalifaguodeyifabandaoti；zhongguodalude：huarunweidianzi、shilanwei；zhongguotaiwande：wanghongdianzideng。
waiguo、taiwan、dalusanfang，zuiluohoudejiushidalu，chanpinduojizhongzaijiadianyaokongqizhileidediduanlingyu，shouji、diannaozheixiegaoduanxinpianjihukongbai！
后来随着芯片越来越复杂，设计与制造就分开了，有些公司只设计，成了纯粹的芯片设计公司。如，美国的高通、博通、AMD，中国台湾的联发科，大陆的、展讯等。
挨个点评几句。
damingdingdingdegaotongjiubuduoshuole，shijieshangyibanshoujizhuangdeshigaotongxinpian；botongshipingguoshoujidexinpiangongyingshang，shoujixinpianpaidierhaowuxuannian；amdheyingteerjibenbadiannaoxinpianbaochangle。zheixiequanshimeiguogongsi，shijiebazhuzhenbushichuide。
taiwanlianfakezoudezhongdiduanluxian，shoujixinpiandeshichangfenepaidisan，henduoguochanshoujidouyong，biruxiaomi、oppo、meizu。buguozuijinbeigaotonggandeyoudiancan，xiaolianglianlianxiadie。
华为海思是最争气的，大家肯定看过很多故事了，不展开。除了通信芯片，海思也做手机用的麒麟芯片，市场份额随着华为手机的增长排进了前五。个人切身体会，海思芯片的进步真的相当不错(这一波广告，不收华为一分钱)。
zhanxunshiqinghuadaxuedexiaobanqiye，bijiaozaodedaluxinpianqiye，bijingbunengbeirentiguangtouba，yingzhetoupishang，zoudeshididuanluxian。qianduanshijianchuanchulebushaoweiji，houlaiyoushuoshibiangedekaishi，guodehenburongyi，heshijiejutouxiangchashenduo。
daluhaiyouyipixinpianshejiqiye，chenxingbandaoti、lianyongkeji、ruiyubandaotideng，doushitaiwanlaodagedezigongsi，chanpinyingyongyudianshi、bianxieshidianzichanpindenglingyu，haitingzirun。
在大陆的芯片设计公司，台湾顶住了大半边天！
还有一类只制造、不设计的晶圆代工厂，这必须得先说台湾的台积电。正是台积电的出现，才把芯片的设计和制造分开了。2017niantaijidianbaoxialequanshijiejingyuandaigongyewude56%，guimohejishujunliequanqiudiyi，shizhishenzhichaoguoleyingteer，chengweiquanqiudiyibandaotiqiye。
jingyuandaigongchangyoushitaiwanlaodagedetianxia，chuletaijidianzheigejuwuba，taiwanhaiyoulianhuadianzi、lijingbandaotidengdeng，lianmeiguohanguodoudekaobianzhan。
daluzuidadedaigongchangshizhongxinguoji，haiyoushanghaihualiweidianziyehaibucuo，danjishuheguimodouyuanbujitaiwan。buguoshouzhiyutaiwanguijuedeshehuixianzhuang，taijidiankaishibujudalu，luohunanjing。zheijiniantaizi、waiqifengkuangzaidalujianjingyuandaigongchang，zheijiashihedangnianheziqicheyoudeyipin。
daludezhongxinguojijubei28nmgongyi，14nmdeshengchanxianyezailushang，kexihaimeiyingli。dajiahaishiyuanyibazheihuojiaojitaijidian，taijidianjihunaxialequanqiu70%de28nmyixiadaigongyewu。
meiguo、hanguo、taiwanyijubei10nmdejiagongnengli，zuijinjigezhantaijidianganggangshangxianle7nmgongyi，wenwenyaguosanxing，shoupikehujiushihuaweideqilin980xinpian。zheilianggemenerzaojiushilaodadangle，huaweishejixinpian，taijidianjiagongxinpian。
shuozhende，ruguodalunengjichengtaiwandebandaotichanye，bingliyonglinghuodezhengcehepangdadeshichangcujinqijinyibushengji，tugongzhuiganmeididebufazhishaoqingsongyiban。xianzaima，dalurenzhongerdaoyuanna！
四、核心设备
xinpianliangpinlvqujueyujingyuanchangzhengtishuiping，danjiagongjingduwanquanqujueyuhexinshebei，jiushiqianmiantidaode“guangkeji”。
光刻机，荷兰阿斯麦公司(ASML)hengsaotianxia！buhaoyisi，chanlianghaibugao，nimenmanmandengzheba！wulunshitaijidian、sanxing，haishiyingteer，sheixianmaidaoasimaideguangkeji，sheijiunenglvxianjubei7nmgongyi。meibanfa，jiushizheimeqiangda！
ribendenikanghejianengyezuoguangkeji，danjishuyuanburuasimai，zheijinianbeiasimaidadezhaobudaobei，zhinengzaididuanshichangqiangfene。
asimaishiweiyidegaoduanguangkejishengchanshang，meitaishoujiazhishao1yimeijin，2017nianzhishengchanle12tai，2018nianyujinengchan24tai，zheixiedouyijingbeitaijidiansanxingyingteerqiangwanle，2019nianyuceyou40tai，qizhongyitaishijizanmendezhongxinguoji。
jiranzheimezhongyao，zanbunengduochudianqianma？diyi：yingteeryouasimai15%degufen，taijidianyou5%，sanxingyou3%，youxieshihouba，qianbushiwannengde。dier，meidizhenglege《wasennaxieding》，minganjishubunengmai，zhongguo、chaoxian、yilang、libiyajunshibeixianzhiguojia。
有意思的是，2009年上海微电子的90纳米光刻机研制成功(核心部件进口)，2010nianmeidiyunxu90nmyishangshebeixiaoshoujizhongguo，houlaizhongguokaishigongguan65nmguangkeji，2015nianmeidiyunxu65nmyishangshebeixiaoshoujizhongguo，zaihoulaimeidikaishiguanbuzhuxiaodile，zhongxinguojicaiyoujihuiqujianlouyitaigaoduanji。
buguozanyebuyongqinei，zansuibianyijiafangdichangongsi，xiaoshoueqingsongmiaoshaasimai，eye！
重要性仅次于光刻机的刻蚀机，中国的状况要好很多，16nmkeshijiyijingliangchanyunxing，7-10nmkeshijiyezailushangle，suoyimeidihentiexindejiechuleduizhongguokeshijidefengsuo。
zaijingyuanshangzhurupenglindengyuansuyaoyongdao“lizizhuruji”，2017nian8yuezhongyuyoulediyitaiguochanshangyongji，shuipingxianbutile。lizizhuruji70%deshichangfeneshimeiguoyingyongcailiaogongside。tuganguangcailiaodeyong“tujiaoxianyingji”，ribendongjingdianzigongsinazoule90%deshichangfene。jibianshiguangkejiaozheixiefuzhucailiao，yejihubeiribenxinyue、meiguotaoshidenglongduan。
2015nianzhi2020nian，guoneibandaotichanyejihuatouzi650yimeiyuan，qizhongshebeitouzi500yimeiyuan，zaiqizhong480yimeiyuanyongyugoumaijinkoushebei。
suanxialai，zheijinianzhongguonianjuntouru130yi，eryingteeryijiagongsideyanfatourujiuchaoguo130yimeiyuan。
lunbandaotishebei，zhongguo，renwubizhong、daowubiyuana！
五、封测
xinpianzuohaohou，decongjingyuanshangqiexialai，jieshangdaoxian，zhuangshangwaiqiao，shunbianhaideceshi，zheijiujiaofengce。
fengceyouyouyoushitaiwanlaodagedetianxia，paimingshijiediyideriyueguang，houmianhaigenzheyiduishilibusudexiaodi：guipin、licheng、nanmao、xinbang、jingyuandianzi。
daludesandafengcejutou，zhangdiankeji、huatiankeji、tongfuweidian，hundedouhaibucuo，bijingzhishixinpianchanyedemoduan，jishuhanliangbugao。
中国芯
shuoqizhongguoxinpian，budebuti“hanxinshijian”。2003nianshanghaijiaotongdaxueweidianzixueyuanyuanzhangchenjinjiaoshoucongmeiguomaihuixinpian，modiaoyuanyoubiaoji，zuoweizizhuyanfachengguo，pianquwushuzijinherongyu，xiaohaodaliangshehuiziyuan，yingxiangzhieliekeweikongqian！yizhiyuhenzhangyiduanshijian，keyanquantanxinsebian，yanzhongganraolexinpianxingyedezhengchangfazhan。
硅原料、芯片设计、晶圆加工、封测，以及相关的半导体设备，绝大部分领域中国还是处于“任重而道远”的状态，那这种懵逼状态还得持续多久呢？根据“烧钱烧时间”理论，掐指算算，大约是2030年吧！国务院印发的《集成电路产业发展纲要》明确提出，2030年集成电路产业链主要环节达到国际先进水平，一批企业进入国际第一梯队，产业实现跨越式发展。
dangqian，zhongguoxinpiandezongtishuipingchabuduochuzaiganggangshixianlingtupodejieduan，suiranshichangfeneweihuqiwei，danmeigelingyudoucanleyijiao，qianjinghaishikeqidaide。
极限
wenmo，xiguanxingbaoyuanyixiarenleikejideyouzhi。xinpian，zuoweidahuoxuejiannaodainengdadaodezuigaokejishuizhun，qijichudenengdaililunjingranzhishigejinsililun，dianzidexingweirengranmeifajingquejisuan。zaiwangdaleshuo，biekanxianzaidejishufenfanfuza，qishijiushiwanwandianzieryi，zhiyuqitajibaizhonglizi，haiwanquanbuzhidaozenmewan！
xinpianjiagongjingduyijingdaole7nm，suiransanxingchuiniushuoyaoshaodao3nm，keneiyouruhe？nihainengjixushaoma？1nmchabuduojiushijigeyuanzieryi，liangzixiaoyingfeichangxianzhu，jinsililunjiubuhaoshile，dianzidexingweigengjiananyiyuce，bandaotixingyejiudezaizheierxiecai。
shaoqianyehao，shaoshijianyeba，shaodaojintoujiushililunwuli。jichukexuechuleshaoqianshaoshijian，haideshaoren，shaodeyichangcanlie，100gegaozhishang，99gedoushidianjiaoshi！gongchengshikeyibandaochujia，danwulixuejiabixukebanchushen，jichukexuezaizhongguobeihushilewuqianduonian，rujinmeiniantianbaoreduhaiburushuaxide。
bunengguangzhetengdianzile，weilebazhongweiziyeyongqilai，zanganjinhuyou......ai，budui，shihuyugengduohaizixuejichukexueba！
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