ibm shangzhourixuanbulezijishishangzuidayibishougou——340 yimeiyuanmaixiahongmao（red hat）。
ibm maigongsibuzuweiqi，zheijiagongsidedazhuanxingjibendoulibukaishougou。dan red hat shiquanqiuzuidade linux kaiyuanxitongkaifashang，tadecaozuoxitongbuxiangweiruan windows meitaishouqushushimeiyuanshouquanfei。yumianfeixiangbanzuoyoudekaiyuanshengyimaile 340 yimeiyuan，ibm weicifuchu 60% yijia。
kaiyuanruanjianzenmezhuanqianshuolaiyebutaifuza，hongmaoxianren ceo zhanmusi·huaitehesite（james whitehurst ）2012 nianjieshoucaifangshijuleyigelizi：niujiaosuozaiyongmianfeidehongmao linux xitongjiaoyigupiao。yingteerzuijinshengjilechuliqi，niujiaosuoxiangyongxinchuliqitigaoxiaolv，danzheixuyaoyourenweixinyingjianbushuxindexitongheyingyongchengxu。tongyangdeshimeigejinianhuifashengyici。niujiaosuokeyiyangyigetuanduizijiwanchengsuoyouxitongweihu、kaifagongzuo，yekeyihuaqianqinghongmaodegongchengshilaizuo。xiangdangshuliangdeqiyeyonghudouxuanzelehouzhe。
hongmaojutitigongdefuwubizheigelizifuzadeduo，danyuanlishiyiyangde。
zaitonglei linux qiyezhong，hongmaoshiguimozuidadeyijia。zhijinhongmaomeinianyingshouchaoguo 20 yi，nianzengzhangchaoguo 20%。
windows yiranshigerenjisuanjidezhuliu ，danzaiqiyejifuwuqicaozuoxitongzheigexifenshichangshang，idc 2017 niandeshujuxianshiweiruanzhanju 50%，hongmao 32.7%。linux faxingbanzhonghongmaozhanju 7 chengdeshichangfene。
jintianyituokaiyuanzhuanqiandechanpinyijinghenpubianle，zuichenggongdemoguoyu google zhudaode android kaiyuanxiangmu（aosp）。
buguokaiyuanruanjianruhezhuanqian，shibushiyinggaizhuanqianzheigeshiqing，bingbushizaitadanshengdeshihoujiuxianghaode。
kaiyuanzongshirangrenheziyoufenxianghemianfeidehulianwangjingshenlianxizaiyiqi，yinglihaoxiangyuzhitianranxiangbei。
bukefouren，zhidaoxianzaikaiyuanshizhongbansuiyoulixiangzhuyisecai，kaiyuanshequ github shangmeitianyiranyoukaifazhemianfeigongxiangzijidechuangyi。
ranershangyegouxiangconglaimeiyouyuanliguokaiyuanshengtai，20 nianqian“kaiyuan”zheigecidedansheng，jiushiweilerangtabikai“mianfei”deyinxiang。
1998 nian，jiazhoushanjingchengdeyijianbangongshili，41 suideheike、《xinheikecidian》deweihurenailike·leimeng（eric raymond）zhaojidangshihuoyuede linux kaifazhe，baokuo linux famingrenlinnasi·tuowazi（linus torvalds），tantaoruhejiangziyouruanjiandelilunjinyibutuixiuzhenghetuiguang。
suiranzhiyoushijigeren，danzheishi“kaiyuan（open source）”deqidian。
zaicizhiqian，ziyouruanjian（free software）shidangshidezhuliutifa，tadelishikeyizhuisudaogengzao。hulianwangdanshengqiande 1969 nian，beiershiyanshikaifachu unix，yitaokeyikuaisufuzhidecaozuoxitongdaima，yicipanweijiezhichuanbo。
unix dechuangzaozhejiangcaozuoxitongheyuandaimaxukezhengshuyiqi，duiwaimianfeigongbu，youqishijilehenduodaxueyongyujiaoxue。danhoulai unix dechiyouzhe at&t gongsijiang unix siyouhua，shiyongzhexuyaofuchushangwanmeiyuanshouquanfei。
zheijiqiziyouruanjianzhichizhededikang 。1984 nianmashengligongdaxue（mit）dejisuanjijiaoshoulizhade·situoman（richard stallman）faqimingjiao gnu dexiangmu（gnu's not unix! ），chenglijijinhui fsf（free software foundation），yiziyoumianfeiduikangdagongsideshouquanfeiyaoqiu。
zheirangtigongmianfeiruanjianyeyoulechanshenglirundekeneng。fsf tichuguoyixiejutideshexiang，biruyiguangpanhuocipandexingshixiaoshouziyouruanjianbaokaobei；tigonganzhuang、peixunhezhidaofuwu；ruanjiandedingzhihuadengdeng。
jiyuci，1989 nian，zuizaoyijiaweiziyouruanjiantigongzixunfuwudegongsi cygnus solution dansheng（2000 nianbeihongmaoshougou），zheijiagongsidekouhaoshi“rangziyouruanjianshiyongwuyou”（making free software affordable）。tadechuangshirenmaikeer· diman（michael tiemann）yeshi 1998 niankaiyuanhuiyidecanyuzhe。
jinguansituomanbeifengweiziyouruanjianyundongdeguinie，danneichangzhiyoushijigerendehuiyishangtabingmeiyoubeiyaoqing。yuhuizhemenrenwei fsf shiyongde“ziyou（free）”zheigecirangrenxiangdaomianfeishiyong，erzheibushiziyouruanjiandeneihe，chengxuyuanmenbushigongyijigou，zheikenenghuiyingxiangdaoziyouruanjiandefazhanfangxiang。
yincitamenjuedingyong“kaiyuan”（ open-source ）yiciqudai“ziyouruanjian”，jiandanzhijie，bushejishangyexuanze、ruanjianshifoumianfei。
xianzaikaiyuanshequzhongqufenkaiyuanhemianfeidechangyongbiyushi free as in beer（mianfeipijiu）he free as in speech（yanlunziyou）。mianfeipijiubuyonghuafeiniyifenyihao，ranernimeiyougengduodexuanzequan，weiruande ie liulanqi，adobe de flash，ruanjianmianfeixiazai，mianfeishiyong，danshiniwufaxiugai。
eryanlunziyoushiyizhongziyoudequanli。haobipijiudeshenmipeifang，dangtagongzhiyuzhong，nibiankeyizijishengchanhegaijinpijiu。biru chrome he firefox liulanqi，jiyuyuandaimarenherendoukeyigaitouhuanmiankaifayigexindeliulanqi，zhongdianzaiyuziyoudeshuxingerfeiruanjianbenshen。
zheichengweikaiyuanshequdezhuliusixiang，ertazhisuoyibeirenjieshou，gengdadeshidaibeijingshidagongsiduiyuruanjianyedelongduan。
linux danshengdeshihou，weiruande windows caozuoxitongyijingzhanjuchaoguo 80% deshichangfene，gongsinianxiaoshoueshoucitupo 10 yimeiyuan，sinianhougaicidegerencaifudadao 129 yimeiyuan，yishilishishangzuinianqingdeshijieshoufu。
wulunshi windows benshenhaishiweiruanderuanjianyingyong，doushifengbideshangyexingtai。1996 nianmeiguotongguo《shuziqiannianbaohufa》，jileweiruanshuzilongduandefalvzhichi。qiyehegerenyonghuweishiyongquanyicixingfukuan，qitarenherenduiqixiugaihezaicichuanbodoubeishiweifeifa，benzhishangzheihaishishujichubanwuzheizhongshitishangpinbanquandesilu。
版权成为微软商业帝国的基础。比尔盖茨本人早在 1976 年就表示过对自由软件的反对，他 22 岁写的那封著名的《致爱好者的公开信》（An Open Letter to Hobbyists）zhongshuo，“yousheihuizaimeiyourenhebaochoudeqingkuangxialaizuozheixiezhuanyedegongzuo？zenyangdeaihaozhecaihuitourusanniandeshijiankaifa，faxiansuoyoudecuowu、bianxiewendangbingqiemianfeifabuchanpin？shishishang，zhiyouwomendaliangtouzilaiweigerendiannaozuoruanjian。”
2000 nianshangtaidexin ceo shidifu·baoermo（steve ballmer）yeba linux bizuo“aizheng”。
kaiyuanshequduoshaodaiyouyuweiruaneryuanduilidesecai，xiangxinkaiyuanbishengdechengxuyuanmencengjingbagaicibizuonacui，fengcitazaizhuomiancaozuoxitonglibiaoxianchudeducaihefengbi。
buguoheiyubaiwangwangbushineimefenming。
linux zaikaiyuanyundongdebeijingxiadansheng。1991 nianhaizaidudaerde linus torvalds xiechudiyigebanbende linux，kaifangyuandaima，duizheigecaozuoxitongganxingquderendounengxiugaishiyong。
xuduogongsiyetongguo linux tigongdejishuzhichikaishizijideshengyi。
hongmaoshiqizhongzhiyi。1993 kaiguojijiandiannaohedayinjizulingongsidejianadashangrenbaobo· yang（bob young）chuangban acc gongsi，zhuyaoyewushichushou linux he unix ruanjian，xiangkehutigongdianhuazhichilaihuodeshouru。
ciniankaifazhemake·youying（marc ewing）fabuleyige linux banben，wanshengjiedangtianfabu，quminghongmao linux，mingchenglaizidaxueqijianzufusongtadeyidingmaozi。
“meipianren，1994 niandeshihou linux shequfeichangxiao，dajiadourenshibici”。yangzaihoulaidecaifangzhongshuotatongguo“wangluoyuehui（online dating）”renshileyouying。
1995 nianbaobo· yangshougoulehongmao，baliangjiagongsihebingchengweihongmaoruanjiangongsi。
henkuaiyewuburuzhenggui，genjuzhaogushuwenjian，1995 nianhongmaogongsideyingshoudadao 48 wanmeiyuan，diernianjiufanlejinyibei，disannianzaicifanbei。1999 nianshangshishigongsinianyingshouyijingchaoguo 1 yimeiyuan。
chaoguojiuchengdeshourulaizi“ruanjianjixiangguanchanpin”，zheizhideshihongmaojiyukaiyuandaimakaifade linux banben，linux haobigongkaicaipu，hongmaozijijiagongchenglemeiweidechengpin，shoumaijixuyaoderen。tongshihongmaoyouzijidewangzhanhehujiaozhongxin，kehugoumaileruanjianxuyaochixudejishuzhichi，zheichanshengleduiyingdefuwufeiyong。
zhaogushuyuanyin idc deshuju，jiezhidao 1998 niansuoyoujingshouquandexinanzhuang linux caozuoxitongzhong，you 56% laizihongmaogongsi。
shangshidiyitian，hongmaogujiajiubiaoshengdao 54.4 meiyuan，shi 14 meiyuanfaxingjiadejin 4 bei，lianggeyuehouyoushenggaodaochaoguo 135 meiyuan。jinguanhongmaozai 1999 nianbaoshou 9 wanmeiyuandekuisun，shi 1998 niande 10 bei。
“daomuqianweizhi，tashuofulerenmenxiangxinzhei（kaiyuan）huichengweiyigechenggongdeshengyi。”renaissance capital fenxishidangshipinglundao。
suizhehongmaodeshangshi，tongleigongsixianqiyizhenshangshichao，linux chuxianyipigainiangu。
va linux yu 1999 nian 12 yueshangshi，zhuyingyewushimai linux fuwuqi。shangshidangtiangujiazhangle 733%。zheiyitianhongmaodegupiaoyezhanglechaoguo 1000%。
《lianxian》yipianwenzhangshuo，fenxishihetouzirenduiyu va linux zhanxianchufengkuangreqing，wanquanshichuyu red hat daiqilaide linux gainianyijizhenggekejibankuaidegaoguzhi。touzizhequexin linux bujinjuyoujudadeqianli，shenzhikenengcuishengxindeweiruan。
danshijishang，zi va linux chuangyehoujinwunianshijian，va linux ruanjianhefuwuxiaoshouezongjiwei 4400 wanmeiyuan，tongqikuisunle 2500 wanmeiyuan。dao 2002 nian 12 yue 9 ri，jishangshizhenghaosanniandeshihou，va linux gupiaoshoupanjiawei 1.19 meiyuan。xiadiele 99.5%。
zaibiru andover，yeshi 1999 nian 12 yueshangshi，gujiadangtianzhangle 252%。zuoweiyizhi linux gainiangu，andover zhidaoshangshidiliugeyuecaigen linux cheshangguanxi。tayuanlaizhishiweikaifazhetigongzhandianxinxigailandejuhezhan，1999 nian 6 yue、8 yuefenbieshougou slashdot he freshmeat lianggewangzhan。qizhong slashdot dehexinduzhequnbaokuo linux yukaifangyuandaimayundongdekuangrefenzi。
suizhe 2000 nianhulianwangpaomodepolie，daliang linux gongsigujiadiedaodigu。shangshizhichuzheixiegongsihenduodoucengzengsonggufenji linux dechuangjianzhe linus，danhenkuaijiuyinweipaomoyiwenbuzhi。
hulianwangpaomopomiedajiledangshisuoyoukejigongsi，yamaxunyupochanyiduzhiyouyibuzhiyao，weiruandeshizhiyeguoleshijiniancaizhonghuipaomogaofengdeshuiping。buguobutongyuquanxianbengkuide linux gainiangu，weiruanyikaozijizaizhuomianxitonghebangongruanjiandejueduilongduanjixuzhizaozhejingrendelirun。
paomopomieqian，《jingjixueren》yijingjinggaoshuo，yibufen linux gongsikenengshihaoqiye，dantouzizhebixujieshoutamenbuhuiyongyouchuantongruanjiangongsidejingyinglirun，gengbuyongshuoweiruandelirunle。yinwei linux shi“kaiyuan”，yiweizhetamenshiyizhonggonggongcaichan，suoyibunengxiangweiruandui windows neiyangliyongzhuanlishishilongduan，jierhuodefenghouhuibao。
danjiuxiang《jingjixueren》dangshizhichude，weiruanyikaolongduanrangsuoyourenweiyifenfenruanjianshouquanhetamendeshengjibanfuqian，suiranzaiduanqineiduiyongyouzheiyangyigepingtaidesuoyouzhejiqiyouyi，danqueweibeilegaixingyezhongqitasuoyougongsideliyi，bingqietuoleilezhengtijishufazhansudu。
jintianderuanjianye，shicengjingeryuanduilishuangfangdeyizhongtuoxie。
2014 nian all things open kaiyuanruanjiandahuishang，yijinglikaigongsidehongmaochuangshirenbaobo· yanghuiyishuo，jizijizuogongsidailaizuidalingganshiyiduniuzhuanle ibm kunjudeliuyisi· guoshina（louis gerstner，《sheishuodaxiangbunengtiaowu》dezuozhe）：
“guoshinalaidao ibm bingqiezaisannianneirang ibm niukuiweiying，zhenshiyigeqiji……guoshinadedongchalaiziyutongyidabang ibm dekehujiaoliu，ranhoufaxiankehushijishangbingbuzhenzhengxihuantadechanpin。tamenjuedechanpinhaixing，danmeidangtazuoxialaihekehujiaoliu，zonghuiyourenshuo，bi ibm zuodegenghaodechanpindayourenzai。tawen：‘neimeweishenmeniyaomai ibm’，kehushuo：‘yinwei ibm shiweiyiyijiagongsi，nengzaiwomenkaizhanyewuderenhedifangshelibangongshi’。yinciguoshinamingbai，tamaidebushichanpin，ershifuwu。
guoshinagongkaitaolunguocishi，zaihongmaowomenyehuishuo：“ok womenmeiyouchanpinkeyixiaoshou，yinweiwomendedongxidoushikaiyuanderenherendounenghewomenyiyangxunsuchuangxin，suoyiwomenbingmeiyouzhenzhengzaishoumaichanpin，ibm deguoshinagaosuwomen，kehubuhuigoumaichanpinershigoumaifuwu，goumairangtamengengchenggongdedongxi。suoyizheishiwomenzaoqiguanyuzijidaodizaizuoshenmededongcha，woshijishangzaicongshifuwuye，shenzhihuidaodangnianwomenshoumaibaozaihezilide linux cipan，womenyejiangqishizuoyigelinshiguocheng，dengwomenzugouqiangdabiankeyihegukeqiandingfuwuhetong。”
ibm meiyouhaodechanpin，hongmaomeiyoubierenbixumaidechanpin，tamendoukaotigongfuwuzhuanqulirun。
chuangjianzaikaiyuanruanjianzhishangdezuichenggongshengyi android yebumairuanjian。
2008 niandiyibu android shoujifabu，quankao linux。dangshidiyidai iphone tuichuleyinian，dantasuoyongdexitongneihezhijiezhuisudaoqiaobusi 1980 - 1990 niandaizai next gongsidegongzuo，youchaoguo 20 niandejilei。
yikao linux，android defamingrenandi· lubin（andy rubin）daizheyizhikaifajingyanheguimodouyuanburupingguodetuandui，zhiyong 5 nianshijianneijiurang android shoujijinruleshichang。
google liyonglekaiyuanshequdechengguo，yejiangxitongkaiyuanjiwaijieshiyong。cijuhaibangtalalongleshoujichangshang——dangshichuantongshoujichangshangmianduipingguojiejiebaitui，erweiruandeshoujixitongbudanyaofuqian，haigengxinfali。
buguo android dechenggongbingbushiyigekaiyuantonghua。jinguan android kaiyuanxiangmu（aosp）yizhicunzai，danguanxi android shoujishiyongtiyandezhuduofuwudoushi google siyou，biru gmail、sousuo、ditu、play shangdian……zuizhong google jiangzheixiefuwudabaozaiyiqi，shoujichangshangbixuzhuangshangtadequanjiatong，erzheixieyingyongbangzhu google yiguanggaodexingshibianxian。
buzhishikaiyuan，qitacengjingzaimairuanjiandedagongsijibenyedoubuzaimairuanjian。
pingguocengjingmeigeyiniantuichuyigexinbande osx caozuoxitong，ranhouzhuangzaiguangpan、u panlimaichuqu。2013 niankaishi，pingguojiangxitongdabanbenshengjimianfeitigongjigoumai mac diannaodeyonghu。yonghubingbushimeiyouweichixudeshengjifuqian，zhishihanzaigoumai mac diannaodefeiyongli。
adobe cengjingyerangyonghudancigoumaijiagebufeideruanjian，zhongshenshiyong，danyaoweixindedabanbengengxinzaicifuqian。dansuizhe 2012 niande creative cloud（cc）fuwu，yonghukeyitongguobaoyuelaidingyueruanjian，zhiyaoanyuefuqianjiunengyizhiyongtadeyizhengtaofuwu。
buguofanchazuidadehaishiweiruan。
cengshuokaiyuanruanjianshiaizhengdeweiruan ceo baoermozai 2013 niantuiwei，jietitadenadelashanglaizhihouyizhizaixueruo windows bumendiwei，jiangzhenggegongsizhongxinfangzaiyunjisuanzhishang。cengjing，weiruandeyunjisuanshijiyu windows goujian，lianmingzidoujiao windows azure。
danzainadelalingdaoxia，weiruanyuanyifangqi windows shidaidejueduikongzhi，zhengqugengduoqiyekehu，bulunqiyeyongdeshi windows haishi linux。tazai 2014 niandeyicifabuhuishanghanchu“weiruanai linux”，bingqiezhijiepaigongchengshizhichikaiyuanxiangmu。
tongnian，weiruandeyunjisuanpingtaikaishizhichihongmaodeqiyeban linux，zheishi windows qiyebandezhijiejingzhengchanpin。
2016 nian，genju github gongbudeshuju，weiruanyigonggongxianle 16419 gekaiyuanxiangmu，chaoguo facebook chengweigaikaiyuanshequzhongzuidadegongxianzhe。
dangweiruanbuzaixuyao，huozheshuobunengyaoqiuyonghuchixugoumaitade windows，ergaiweitigongfuwuzhuanqianyihou，tahekaiyuanshequdenisiwohuoyejiubuzaibiyao。
jiuzaiyizhouqian，weiruan 75 yimeiyuanshougou github dejiaoyixuangaowancheng。github yunnuojixuzhichikaiyuan。
ibm shougouhongmaoyeshiruci。zhijin ibm yebushiyigeduikaiyuantebieyouhaodegongsi，huizaihetongliyaoqiuyuangongtingzhiweikaiyuanxiangmugongxiandaima，jibianneigexiangmuyu ibm meiyouchongtu。danzheibingbufangai ibm kanshanghongmaochusedexianjinshouruyijitaweiqiyekehuzhuanyidaoyunjisuansuozuodezhunbei。
hulianwangpaomohou，hongmaochengleshangshichaozhongweishubuduodexingcunzhe，zhijinyiranyouquanqiu linux 70% deshichangfene。
suihouhongmaotongguobuduandebinggoujixugongguleshichangguimo，shougoulezhishao 30 duojiagongsi。guoqu 60 duogejidu，hongmaodeyejichixuzengzhang。ertade openshift jishukeyibangzhuqiyetongshizaiduogeyunjisuanpingtaishangbushuzijidexitong，jiangdifengxian。zheixieduiyujiqiezhuiganyamaxunheweiruande ibm douhenyouxiyinli。
“meihuayimeiyuangouzhihongmaochanpin，jiuxiangdangyukandiaoletoudingzhuanliguanghuanshijishangqueshiyiduilajidezhuanyouruanjian 10 meiyuandeshichangfene。”hongmao ceo huaitehesitezai 2012 niandecaifangzhongshuodao。
rujinzheixiedouchenglelishi。
titulaizi pixabay
xihuanzheipianwenzhang？qu app shangdiansou haoqixinribao ，meitiankandianbuyiyangde。