芯片制造，点沙成金

虎嗅注：旧文重发。去年中美闹得正欢时，关于，这篇文章就曾广为流传。作为中文互联网上相当不错的面向小白的一篇芯片科普，本文略长但文笔轻松愉快，适合闲暇时间阅读。

本文转自微信公众号：老和山下的小学僧（ID：gh_586564bb7b66）

头图来自视觉中国。

xinpian，yichuliangzuifengfuchengbenzuilianjiadeeryanghuaguiweiyuanliao，chengjiulezheigexingqiudekejizhidian，banyimeizuijianixijiang，shizhiminggui！

zaizhongguoyuwaiguozheiliangguodejiaoliangzhong，xinpianchangchangyindezhongrenkoushuizhan，jiujingshizhongguoyijingdiaodawaiguo，haishiwaiguorengranenzhezhongguo？jintianzanjiushizhetongyitongzheimafengwo。

核心技术到底是个啥

jishuyanfayousantiaotieze：wulungeshei，yanfajiushishaoqianshaoshijian，zheishigenben；wulungeshei，youxuqiuhuozherenweiyouxuqiucaihuitouruyanfa，zheishidongji；wulungeshei，yanfadiyibubiranshitanjiuyiyoudetongleijishu，suchengshanzhai。

bajishuchaiyichai，dagaijiuzheimejiyangdongxi：sheji、cailiao、shengchanshebei，ershebeibenshenyeshishejihecailiao，suoyiguigenjiedi，jishukeyilongtongdishuochengcailiaojiasheji。

jiehezheiliangtiao，xiankanjigelizi。

biru，dubuwulindejiaqiaoji，bazheitaishebeidemeiyigelingjiandouchaile，meiyigexijiedouchaoxialai，zaishaojigeyishijiniancuo，“shanzhai”yitaijiaqiaojiduijigegongyedaguolaishuobingbunan。neiweishawaiguorenbushanzhaini？yinweixuqiubuda，shaochulaizhinengdangwanju。

zaibiru，meididengyuedetuxingwuhaohuojian，zhijinwurenchaoyue，henduorenyincijiushuozhongguohuojianluohoumeidiwushinian。danshibiewangle，zanmenshihejintiandemeidiyiqiluohoucengjingdemeidi，zheixianranyoudianshuobutong。qishiyuanyinwubijiandan，dangniandengyueshizhengzhixuqiu，shuyuchongdongxiaofei，wanquanshikuibenmaimai，youdianxiangzhenghexiaxiyang。houlaixuqiumeile，tuxingwuhaoyejiugenzheyikuaixiaoshile。

jiashe，zanmenyingyaoshanzhaiyitaituxingwuhaoyouduodabawo？ruoshixiangzhuchayedanneimegao，qingquanguozhili，buchu2nian，tuotuode。bietaigang，meirenzaiquaijizaojinzita，zongbunengshuoxianzaidejianzhushuipingburuguaijiba？

zhongguoyouzhezheikexingqiushangzuiwangshengdejijianxuqiu、gongyehuaxuqiu、guofangxuqiu，youzheixiexuqiucuishengchudegezhongjishu，zhiyaobuxushaotaiduoshijiande，bengguanwaiguoyoumeiyou，bengguanshanzhaihaishiyuanchuang，bengguantouruyouduoda，jibenquannaxiale。

zheileiyoudatourudaxuqiugouchengdejishumenjian，yenengzhuchengshidashidehexinjishu。zhiyaoninengzaochubierenzaobulededongxi，jiusuanhexinjishu。yushi，womenkeyijizhongwailiangguodiyijieduandejiaoliangxiagejielun：

ruguobasuoyoujishuduichengyigejinzita，chuletajianneiyidianzhiwai，zhongguojihukeyidantiaozhenggewaiguo，youqizaimouxiedaxuqiudatourudelingyugengshiwannvewaiguo，rutianhaizaodao、gaotie、huojianzhendongtaideng。

neitajianhaishenglesha？dangranshixuyaoshaohenduoshijiandejishu，tajiandejiaoliangyouxiefuza，zaijulizi。

feijifadongjiwolunyepian，gongyehuangguanshangdemingzhu，shuodejiushizheiwanyier。ruguoyepianbugoujieshi，youmencaihenlejiudesanjia(kekangongzhonghaoqianwen《cailiaozhishang：nanchanzhongguoxin》)。

zheizenmeshanzhaini？yikuaicailiaonadaoshou，yaocechuqizhongdechengfenjibili，yejiujidunfandegongfu。jinyibu，xiangyaozhidaobutongyuanzizhijiandepailieguize，guochengshaoweifuzayidian，danjitianxialaijibenyemotoule。

niyiweizheiyangjiushanzhaiwanchenglema？bu，zheicaikaishi，nidezhaodaoyizhongrangbutongyuanziantedingshunxupailiedefangfa，zheiguochengwanquanliangyanyimohei，yaoshaodeshijianxiangdangzhang。zheihaobi，fanqiechaodandechengfenkeyigaosuni，dannizuodecaijiushimeiwozuodehaochi。

zheizhongyoushaoshijianshaochulaidejishumenjian，yezhinengkaoshaoshijianqumanmanzhuigan，zheileihexinjishuwangwangdoushicailiao。keyishuo，renheniubishebei，nipinmingwangxichai，zuizhongfaxiandoushicailiaojishu。(dangran，yeyouteli，biruqingdan)

biru，zuowei“gongyezhimu”degaoduanjichuang，zanjibenheguozuyigeshuiping，zhinengyangwangribendeguoruishi。zuidadexianzhijiushicailiao，gaosujiagongshi，zhuzhouhezhouchengmocachanshengrebianxingdaozhizhuzhoutaishengheqingxie，daojumosundaozhidewucha，dengdeng，suoyijiagongjingdujigaodehuo，zanmenhaishiwang“yang”xingtan。

cailiaojishuyoushihaiyaodianyunqi。jinshulai，zheiwanyierheniehunyihun，zuochudewolunyepiandiaozhatian。laidequanqiutanmingchuliangdayue2500dun，xishaochengdupaiziranjiedisan，zhuyaofenbuzaioumei，zheizhongzhanlvewuzi，tuotuobeimeidijinyun。zhongguoqianjinianzaishanxifaxianyigechuliang176dundelaikuang，mashangpinlemingshaoqian，kubishenghuocaiyouleqise。

金属铼产量分布图

xituyongciti，jiushiyongxituzuodecitie，nengyizhibaochicixing，yongchudadade。gaopinweixitukuangdaduofenbuzaizhongguo，suoyihe“ci”xiangguandejishu，henduoshiwaiguobaozhezhongguodatui，meidiyebuliwai，biruciyueshuhejubian、taikonganwuzhitancedeng。

feixianxingguangxuejingti，zhongguozaijiushiniandaijiuyijingshijielingxian，bingzaishilainianqianduimeidishishilejinyun，2016nianmeidizhongyudapozhongguojishufengsuo，shengchanlediyikuaikbbfjingti。buyaohuaiyibensengnacuolejuben，buranniyiweizhongguodejiguangwuqi、guangliangzitongxincongnalilaide？

ruguowomenjixuluoliejiuhuifaxian，yingyongkuanfandecailiao，zhongguodaduohaishiluohouwaiguo，eryixiexifenlingyu，zhongguoyijingzhubulingxian。e，zheimeshuohaishitailongtong，zanlaidianshuju。

xiaopenyoumenzuoduanzheng，zhongdianlaile！zheizhongguanjianhexincailiao，quanqiuzonggongyue130zhong。zhenggerenleidehexinkeji，mouzhongchengdushangshuo，zhidejiushizhei130zhongcailiao，qizhong32%guoneiwanquankongbai，52%yilaijinkou，zaigaoduanjichuang、huojian、dafeiji、fadongjidengjianduanlingyubiligengxuanshu，lingjiansuiranshixianleguochan，danshengchanlingjiandeshebei95%yilaijinkou。

zheichuanshujushizai2018niandeyiciguanfangluntanshanghuoqilaide，danzixikaozhengleyixia，yinggaishigongxinbuzai2011niandediaochabaogao，rujindeqingkuangjushuoyijingdafudugaishan。

shuozexiaodaoxiaoxi，jiuzaiqianzhenzi，shanshangyouweilaosengqubeijingkaihui，huilaiduibenxiaosengyizhengantan：zheituzipashijiyanle，juranyaotou****yizai**、**lingyu，yaoqiuzai*nianneidadao****，erqiehaiyao****。bensengruoruowenleju：nengxingma？laosengruoyousuosi，liangjiu，huanhuantuleyiju：shijianjin，renwuzhong。

wulunzenmeshuo，zaitajiandejiaoliang，zhongguosuiranshitouhenmeng，danrengmingxianchuyuxiafeng。

haoqiyixia，zhei130zhongcailiaozhangshayangni？qiaole，gongxinbu《zhongdianxincailiaoshoupiciyingyongshifanzhidaomulu（2017nianban）》ruxuanleliudaleicailiao，yeshi130zhong！limianhaojigedouhexinpianyouguan。

weileyanjindian，zheiershuodehexinjishu，bubaokuoheshengwuyouguandejishu，ruyiyao、nongyedengdeng。danfanheshengwuyouguande，wangwangshilingyihuishi！

jugelizi，dianying《yaoshen》lizhiliaomanlibaixuebingdegeliewei，chengfenjiahuangsuanyimatini，shengchanzhizaobingbunan，buransangeyebuhuizheimeqingyizuochufangzhiyao，nandeshizenmezhidaojiahuangsuanyimatiniyouzheizuoyong。

haiyouyixiejishudemenjianbingfeilaizijishubenshen，biru：ruanjian。zheijihushichunshejileijishu，yagenyongbudaocailiao，weishacaozuoxitonghaishibeirendiaoda？jiashenidecaozuoxitongbianzhuohaoshibei，danmeiyourenhuiyongyitaimeiyouappdeshouji，weishameiappa？duibuqi，meiyougongsihuiweiyigemeiyouyonghudexitongkaifaapp。

zheigesixunhuankanmingbailema？chufeiyouyitiangugeburangzhongguoshoujiyonganzhuo，neicaishiguochancaozuoxitongdechuntian。ruanjiandemenjianjingchangshilaiziyushichangguanxing。

raodeyoudianyuanle，xinpiancongyikuaishitoulianjiubawangzhiqu，shejidehexinjishubushiyibandeduo。weilebianyuxiaopenyoulijie，zheihuadecongyuanlishuoqi。

芯片原理和量子力学

henduowenmangjuedeliangzilixuezhishiwulixuejiadeshuxueyouxi，meiyouyingyongjiazhi，hehe，xiamianzanjijisuanjixinpianxungezuzong，qingkanshifan：

daoti，zannenglijie，jueyuanti，zanyenenglijie，xiaopenyoumendiyicibeiwulizhengmengde，pashibandaotile，suoyixiantigeweidewulilaoshibazheizhaihaishang。

yuanzizuchenggutishi，huiyouhenduodianzihundaoyiqi，danliangzilixuerenwei，2gexiangtongdianzimeifadaizaiyigeguidaoshang，yushi，weilerangzheixiedianzibuzaiyigeguidaoshangdajia，henduoguidaojiufenliechenglehaojigeguidao，zheimeduoguidaojizaiyiqi，buxiaoxinaidejinle，jiubianchenglekuankuandedaguidao。zailiangzilixueli，zheizhongxiguidaojiaonengji，jizaiyiqibianchengdekuanguidaojiujiaonengdai。

youxiekuanguidaojimanledianzi，dianzijiumeifayidong，youxiekuanguidaokongkuangdehen，dianzijiukeziyouyidong。dianzinengyidong，hongguanshangbiaoxianweidaodian，fanguolai，dianzidongbulejiubunengdaodian。

haole，womenbashiqingshuodejiandanyidian，buti“jiadai、mandai、jindai、daodai”degainian，zhunbeiquanzhongdian！

youxiemanguidaohekongguidaoaidetaijin，dianzikeyihaobufeilicongmanguidaopaodaokongguidaoshang，yushijiunengziyouyidong，zheijiushidaoti。buguoyijiajinshudedaodianyuanlishaoyoubutong，tademanguidaoyuanbenjiubutaiman，suoyidianzibuyongpaodaokongguidaoyenengyidong。

danhenduoshihouliangtiaokuanguidaozhijianshiyoukongxide，dianzidankaozijishikuabuguoqude，biaoxianweibudaodian。danruguokongxidekuanduzai5evzhinei，jidianzijiageewainengliang，yenengkuadaokongguidaoshang，kuaguoqujiunengziyouyidong，biaoxianweidaodian。zheizhongkongxikuandubuchaoguo5evdeguti，youshidaodian、youshibudaodian，suoyijiaobandaoti。

ruguokongxichaoguo5ev，neijibenjiudexiecai，zhengchangqingkuangxiadianzishikuabuguoqude，zheijiushijueyuanti。dangran，ruguoshinengliangzugoudadehua，bieshuo5evdekongxi，50evdouzhaoyangpaoguoqu，birugaoyadianjichuankongqi。

daozhei，youliangzilixuefazhanchudenengdaililunjiuchabuduochengxingle，nengdaililunxitongdijieshiledaoti、jueyuantihebandaotidebenzhiqubie，ji，qujueyumanguidaohekongguidaozhijiandejianxi。xueshudianshuo，qujueyujiadaihedaodaizhijiandejindaikuandu。

zheiliyougewenti，yidanxiguidaobianshaole，nengbunengjichengkuanguidaojiubuhaoshuole，suoyinengdaililunbenzhishangshiyigejinsililun，bushiyongyushaoliangyuanzizuchengdeguti。

bandaotilixinpianyuanlihaihenyaoyuan，bieji。

henmingxian，xiangdaotizheizhongzhinanmeishakezhetengde，suoyidaoxiandaolejintianrengranshitongxian，jueyuantidemingyunyechabuduo。

bandaotizheizhongaiaimeimeidexinggezuirongyigaoshiqing，suoyiyudianzishebeixiangguandechanyejibendoushuyubandaotichanye，ruxinpian、leida。

下面有点烧脑细胞。

jiyuyixiejiandandeyuanyin，kexuejiayongguizuoweibandaotidejichucailiao。guidewaicengyou4gedianzi，jiashemougegutiyou100geguiyuanzizucheng，neimetademanguidaojiujimanle400gedianzi。zheishi，yong10gepengyuanziqudaiqizhong10geguiyuanzi，erpengzheileisanjiayuansuwaicengzhiyou3gedianzi，suoyizheikuaigutidemanguidaojiuyoule10gekongwei。zheijiuxiangdangyuzaijimanrendegongjiaocheshangtengchulejigekongweizi，weidianzideyidongtigongletiaojian。zheijiaopxingbandaoti。

tongli，ruguoyong10gelinyuanziqudai10geguiyuanzi，linzheileiwujiayuansuwaicengyou5gedianzi，yincimanguidaoshangfaneryouduochule10gedianzi。xiangdangyujimanrendegongjiaochewaimianyouguale10geren，zheixierenfeichangrongyituoligongjiaoche，zheijiaonxingbandaoti。

xianzaibapnzheiliangzhongbandaotimianduimianfangyiqihuizayang？buyongxiangyezhidao，nxingneixieewaidedianzibiranshipaodaopxingneixiekongweishangqule，yizhidaodianchangpinghengweizhi，zheijiushidamingdingdingde“pnjie”。(dongtulaizi《kexuewang》zhangyundebowen)

zheishihouzaijiagezhengxiangdedianya，nxingbandaotineixieewaidedianzijiuhuiyuanyuanbuduanpaodaopxingbandaotidekongweishang，dianzideyidongjiushidianliu，zheishidepnjiejiushidaodiande。

ruguojiagefanxiangdedianyani？congpxingbandaotineilizaichoudianzidaonxingbandaoti，ernxingzaoyiguamanleewaidedianzi，duochulaidedianzibuduanzengqiangdianchang，zhizhidixiaowaijiadedianya，dianzijiubuzaijixuyidong，cishipnjiejiushibudaodiande。

dangran，shijishanghaishihuiyouweiruodedianziyidong，danhezhengxiangdianliuxiangbikehulvebuji。

ruguoniyijingbeizhengyunle，meiguanxi，yongdabaihuazongjieyixia：pnjiejuyoudanxiangdaodianxing。

haole，womenxianzaiyijingyouledanxiangdaodiandepnjie，ranhouni？bapnjieliangduanjieshangdaoxian，jiushierjiguan：

youleerjiguan，suishoudagedianlu：

sanjiaoxingdaibiaoerjiguan，jiantoufangxiangbiaoshidianliuketongguodefangxiang，abshishuruduan，fshishuchuduan。ruguoabujiadianya，dianliujiuhuishunzheaneitiaoxianliuchu，fduanjiumeiledianya；ruguoabtongshijiadianya，dianliujiuhuibeiduzaierjiguandelingyitou，fduanyejiuyouledianya。jiashebayoudianyakanzuo1，meidianyakanzuo0，neimezhiyoucongabduantongshishuru1，fduancaihuishuchu1，zheijiushi“yumendianlu”。

tongli，badianlugaichengzheiyang，neimezhiyaoabyouyigeshuru1，fduanjiuhuishuchu1，zheijiao“huomendianlu”：

xianzaiyoulezheixiejibendeluojimendianlu，lixinpianjiubuyuanle。nikeyishejichuyizhongdianlu，tadegongnengshi，bayichuan1he0，bianchenglingyichuan1he0。

yibuxiaoxin，womenjiudedaolexinpianyunsuandebenzhi：bayichuan1,0，bianchenglingyichuan1,0。

jiandanjugelizi，zaizuobianshuru1010，zaiyoubianshuchu0101，zheijiusuanwanchengleyiciyunsuan。

womenlaiwangeshaoweifuzayidiandeju：

zuobianyou8geshuruduan，youbianyou7geshuchuduan，meigeshuchuduanduiyingyigefaguangguan，7gefaguangguanzuchengyigeshuzixianshiqi。congzuobianshuruyichuanxinhao：00000101，jingguozhongjianyiduidedianlu，shideyoubianshuchulingyichuanxinhao：1011011。1daibiaoyoudianya，youdianyajiukeyidianliangduiyingdefaguangguan，yushi，jiudedaoleyigeshuzi“5”，rushangtusuoshi。

zhongyu，womenyijinggaodingleshuzishiruhexianshide！ruguonixiangjinxing1+1dejiafayunsuan，qidianludefuzachengdujiuyijingchaoguole99%derendezhishangle，jibianbensengqinzichushou，shejidedianluyunsuannengliyedibuguoyifusuanpan。

zhidaoyouyitian，yourenyong18000zhidianziguan，6000gekaiguan，7000zhidianzu，10000zhidianrong，50wantiaoxianzuchengleyigechaojifuzadedianlu，danshenglerenleidiyitaijisuanji，zhongda30dun，yunsuannengli5000ci/miao，haibujixianzaishouchijisuanqideshifenzhiyi。buzhidaodangshidegongchengshiweileanzhuangzheiduidianlu，naozichoujinleduoshaohui。

jiexialaidesilujiujiandanle，ruhebazhei30dundongxi，jichengdaozhijianeimedadedifangshangni？zheijiushixinpian。

芯片制造与中国技术

weileba30dundeyunsuandianlusuoxiao，gongchengshimenbanengrengdongxiquanrengle，zhijiezaiguipianshangzhizuopnjiehedianlu。xiamiancongguipianchufa，shuoshuoxinpiandenixizhilu。

第一：硅

bazheiwanyierlvhualezaizhengliu，keyidedaochunduhengaodegui，jiujiaoduojingguiba，zheizhongguiyuanzipailiehunluan，huiyingxiangdianziyundong，suoyihaidelazhichengyuanzipailiezhengqidedanjinggui，zuihouqiechengpianjiushiwomenxiangyaodeguipian。

guidezhuyaopingpanzhibiaoshichundu，nixiangxiang，ruguoguiyuanzizhijianyouyiduizazhi，neidianzijiubiexiangzaimanguidaohekongguidaozhijianpaoshunchang。

wulunshadongxi，chunduyuegaozhizaonanduyueda。yongyutaiyangnengfadiandegaochunguiyaoqiu99.9999%，zheiwanyierquanshijiechaoguoyibanshizhongguochande，zaobeiwanchenglebaicaijia。xinpianyongdedianzijigaochunguiyaoqiu99.999999999%(bieshule，11ge9)，jihuquanlaijinkou，zhidao2018nianjiangsudexinhuagongsicaishixianliangchan，zhishimuqianchanliangshaodekelian，haibujijinkoudeyigelingtou。nandedeshi，xinhuadegaochunguichukoudaolebandaotiqiangguohanguo，pinzhiyinggaibucuo。buguo，30%dezhizaoshebeihaidejinkou……

dianzijigaochunguidechuantongbazhuyiranshideguowackerhemeiguohemlock(meirihezi)，zhongguorenzhongerdaoyuan。

第二：晶圆

guitichunshixuyaoxuanzhuan，chengpinjiuzhangzheiyang。bazheiyuanzhuqiepianhoudedaodeguipianyeshiyuande，yincijiujiao“jingyuan”。zheicishibushiyijingyoudianershule？

qiehaozhihou，jiuyaozaijingyuanshangbachengqianshangwandedianluzhuangqilaide，ganzheihuodejiujiao“jingyuanchang”。geweipainaodaixiangxiang，yimuqianrenleidejishu，zenyangcainengwanchengzheizhongcaozuo？

yongyuanzicaozongshu？xiangduole，pengyou！dengnilianchengyujianfeixingdeshihou，renleihaibujiandenengcaozongyigeyigeyuanzizuchenggezhongqijian。

jingyuanjiagongdeguochengxiangdangfansuo，zanshuogedagailunkuo，xiejuezhuanyerenshitiaoci。shouxianzaijingyuanshangtuyicengganguangcailiao，zheicailiaojianguangjiuronghua，neiguangcongnalilai？guangkeji，keyiyongfeichangjingxideguangxian，zaiganguangcailiaoshangkechutuan，rangdixiadejingyuanluoluchulai。ranhou，yongdenglizitizheileidongxichongshua，luoludejingyuanjiuhuibeikechuhenduogoucao，zheitaoshebeijiujiaokeshiji。zaiyonglizizhurujizaigoucaolichanrulinyuansu，jiaretuihuochuli，jiudedaoleyiduinxingbandaoti。

wanchengzhihou，qingxiganjing，zhongxintushangganguangcailiao，yongguangkejiketu，yongkeshijikegoucao，yonglizizhurujisashangpeng，jiuyoulepxingbandaoti。

zhenggeguochengyoudianxiang3ddayin，baqijianyidiandianyicengcengzhuangjinqu。

zheikuaijingyuanshangdexiaofangkuaijiushixinpian，yikuaijingyuankeyizuoduogexinpian。xinpianfangdalekanjiushichengduichengduidedianlu，zheixiedianlubingbubineitai30dunjisuanjidedianlugaoming，zuidicengdoushijiandandemendianlu。zhishicaiyonglegengduodeqijian，zuchenglegengpangdadedianlu，yunsuanxingnengziranjiutigaole。

jushuozheijiushiyigeyufeimendianlu：

tigewenti：weishabubaxinpianzuodegengdayidianni？zheiyangbujiukeyianzhuanggengduodianlulema？xingnengbujiuganshangwaiguolema？

zheigewentihenyouyisi，daanchuqijiandan：qian！yikuai300mmzhijingdejingyuan，16nmgongyikeyizuochu100kuaixinpian，10nmgongyikeyizuochu210kuaixinpian，yushijiagejiubianyileyiban，zaishichangshangjiunengsisienzhujingzhengduishou，zhuanleqianyoukeyizuogengduoyanfa，chajujiuzheimelakaile。

shuogetiwaihua，zhongguojunyongxinpianjibenshixianlezijizizu，yinweijunyongbujijiaoqianma！keyibaxinpianzuodedadade。lingwai，yuedadeguipianyudaozazhidegailvyueda，suoyixinpianyuedaliangpinlvyuedi。zongdelaishuo，daxinpiandechengbenyuanyuangaoyuxiaoxinpian，buguoduijunfanglaishuo，zheidoubujiaoshier。

qishichulechengbenzhiwai，daxinpiandebuxianbixiaoxinpiangengzhang，suoyiyanshiyegengmingxian，qudongdianliuyedahenduo，youcidaozhizhengtishejigengyongzhong，xingnengshanghaishihuichikui。fanzheng，xiaoxinpianjiushibidaxinpianhaoyong。

别把“龙芯”和“汉芯”混为一谈

第三：架构

yong70yigejingtiguanzaizhijiagaidaxiaodedifangzuchengdianlu，xiangxiangjiutoupifama！yigelukouhonglvdengshezhibuheli，jiukenengdaozhidapianduche。dianzizaixinpianshangpaolaipaoqu，shaoweiyougepnjiechuwenti，dianzitongyanghuiduche。suoyixinpiandeshejiyichangzhongyao，zhongyaodaolehecailiaojishuxiangtibinglundedibu。

zheimefuzadesheji，bixudexianyougezhangfa。qishiniandai，yingteerlvxianxiangchuleyigehaobanfa：x86jiagou。xiangxineirongbutile，jiandanlaishuo，zheijiagousuirannenghaogaodian、tijidadian，danxingnengneishisousoude，jihulongduanlediannaoxinpianshichang，chengjiulerurizhongtiandeyingteer。

zheixiangdangyu，yingteertichuzaoqicheyong4gelunzi，yihouqitarenxiangzao4gelunzideqiche，jiudexianfushouquanfei。zheinimazenmeren，suihouyingguoarmgongsitichule2gelunzideqichefangan：armjiagou。

haowuyiwen，2gelunzikendingpaobuguo4gelunzi，armjiagousuiranshengdianxiaoqiao，danxingnengshizaiyoudianhanchen，yushiyizhibeiyingteerenzheda。armaodaolejiushiniandai，zhongyuaobuzhule，juedingbuzaishengchanxinpian，ershijiangarmjiagoushouquanjiqitagongsishengchan，zhuandianshouquanfei，zheicaibaozhuleyitiaoming。

rensuanburutiansuan，jinru21shiji，zhinengshoujihengkongchushi，xinpiandenenghaohetijiyixiachengleguanzhudian，yushiarmjiagouyifeizhongtian，jihulongduanleshoujixinpian。

小结一下：

x86jiagou，nenghaogao、tijida、xingnengqiang。

armjiagou，nenghaodi、tijixiao、xingnengruo。

yushi，yigezhanlediannao，yigezhanleshouji，zhidaojintian，rengshizhuliushejifangan。zhiyuqita3gelunzihuo5gelunzideqiche，duoduoshaoshaohaishiyouxielieshi，meiyouxingchengzhuliu。

zuijinyouxinwenshuo，zhongguohearmyaochenglizhongfangkonggudehezigongsi，armyujiecizhonghuixinpianzhizaoshangdejiaose，zhongfangdangranzoudehaishishichanghuanjishudeluzi。

juedingqicheyongjigelunzi，julizaochuqichehaichadehenyuan。youlejibenjiagou，houmiandeshejiyiranshimanmanzhangzhenglu，suoyihaideyaoyouhaogongju，jianchengedaruanjian。

synopsys，cadence，mentor，sanjutoujihulongduanlequanqiuedashichang，yishuierdemeidigongsi。zhidaozuijin，aolesanshiniandehuadajiutianzhongyulutoule，zheijiazhongguodianzixinxichanyejituandeerjigongsi，lianxuduonianyi50%denianzengzhanglvkuangzhui，suanshizhanwenlejiaogen。

业界首创模拟电路异构仿真系统Empyrean ALPS-GT

suiranjiezhuedaruanjiandefangzhengongnengkeyipanduandianlushejishifoukaopu，danyaozhenzhengyanzhengzheizhongjingqiaoxianludekaopuchengdu，zhiyouyizhongbanfa，neijiushi：yong！guangfandeyong！zhangjiudeyong！zhengyinweiruci，xinpianshejibuguangyaoshaoqian，yexuyaoshaoshijian，shuyushicuozhouqijiaozhangdehexinjishu。

jiranshihexinjishu，ziranjiuhuifazhanchudulidegongsi，suoyixinpiangongsiyousanlei：jishejiyouzhizao、zhishejibuzhizao、zhizhizaobusheji。

第四：设计制造

但凡要处理信息，基本都有芯片，包括通信芯片、服务器芯片、手机芯片、电脑芯片等等。早期的芯片复杂程度不算夸张，所以设计制造可以在同一家公司完成，最有名的：美国英特尔、韩国、ribendongzhi、yidalifaguodeyifabandaoti；zhongguodaludehuarunweidianzi、shilanwei；zhongguotaiwandewanghongdianzideng。

waiguo、taiwan、dalusanfang，zuiluohoudejiushidalu，zaoqidechanpinduojizhongzaijiadianyaokongqizhileidediduanlingyu，shouji、diannaozheixiegaoduanxinpianjihukongbai！

后来随着芯片越来越复杂，设计与制造就分开了，有些公司只设计，成了纯粹的芯片设计公司。如，美国的高通、博通、AMD，中国台湾的联发科，大陆的、展讯等。

damingdingdingdegaotongjiubuduoshuole，shijieshangyibanshoujizhuangdeshigaotongxinpian，amdheyingteerjibenbadiannaoxinpianbaochangle。diannaoheshoujishixinpianshichangdeliangkuaidadangao，quanshimeiguogongsi，shijiebazhuzhenbushichuide。

taiwanlianfakezoudezhongdiduanluxian，shoujixinpiandeshichangfenepaidisan，henduoguochanshoujidouyong，biruxiaomi、oppo、meizu。buguozuijinbeigaotonggandeyoudiancan，xiaolianglianlianxiadie。

huaweihaisishizuizhengqide，shoujichuliqixinpianqilin，shichangfenesuizhehuaweishoujidezengzhangpaijinleqianwu。gerenqieshentihui，haisixinpiandejinbuzhendexiangdangbucuo。zuijinhuaweiyoutuichulefuwuqixinpiankunpeng920，5gjizhanxinpiantiangang，5gjidaixinpianbalong5000，xingnengdoushishijiedingjide，yinyinkandaolezaixinpianshejilingyujueqideshitou。

zhanxunshiqinghuadaxuedexiaobanqiye，bijiaozaodedaluxinpianqiye，bijingbunengbeirentiguangtouba，zoudeshididuanluxian。qianduanshijianchuanchulebushaoweiji，houlaiyoushuoshibiangedekaishi，guodehenburongyi，heshijiejutouxiangchashenduo。

daluhaiyouyipixinpianshejiqiye，chenxingbandaoti、lianyongkeji、ruiyubandaotideng，doushitaiwanlaodagedezigongsi，chanpinyingyongyudianshi、bianxieshidianzichanpindenglingyu，haitingzirun。

zaidaludexinpianshejigongsi，taiwandingzhulexiaobanbiantian，lingdabanbiantianyuanbenshitazhede，xianzaihuaweisuanshichengzhule。

haiyouyileizhizhizao、bushejidejingyuandaigongchang，zheibixudexianshuotaiwanzuidadeqiye：taijidian。zhengshitaijidiandechuxian，caibaxinpiandeshejihezhizaofenkaile。2017niantaijidianbaoxialequanshijiejingyuandaigongyewude56%，guimohejishujunliequanqiudiyi，shizhishenzhichaoguoleyingteer，chengweiquanqiudiyibandaotiqiye。

jingyuandaigongchangyoushitaiwanlaodagedetianxia，chuletaijidianzheigejuwuba，taiwanhaiyoulianhuadianzi、lijingbandaotidengdeng，lianmeiguohanguodoudekaobianzhan。

daluzuidadedaigongchangshizhongxinguoji，haiyoushanghaihualiweidianziyehaibucuo，danjishuheguimodouyuanbujitaiwan。buguoshouzhiyutaiwanguijuedeshehuixianzhuang，taijidiankaishibujudalu，luohunanjing。zheijiniantaizi、waiqifengkuangzaidalujianjingyuandaigongchang，zheijiashihedangnianheziqicheyoudeyipin。

daluzhongxinguojide14nmshengchanxianganggangshanglu，kexihaimeiyingli。dajiahaishiyuanyibazheihuojiaojitaijidian，taijidianjihunaxialequanqiu70%de28nmyixiadaigongyewu。

meiguo、hanguo、taiwanyijubei10nmdejiagongnengli，zuijinjigezhantaijidianganggangshangxianle7nmgongyi，wenwenyaguosanxing，shoupikehujiushihuaweideqilin980xinpian。zheilianggemenerzaojiushilaodadangle，huaweishejixinpian，taijidianzhizaoxinpian。

shuozhende，ruguodalunengjichengtaiwandebandaotichanye，bingliyonglinghuodezhengcehepangdadeshichangcujinqijinyibushengji，zhongguozhuiganwaiguodebufazhishaoqingsongyiban。xianzaima，zhongguorenzhongerdaoyuanna！

第五：核心设备

xinpianliangpinlvqujueyujingyuanchangzhengtishuiping，danjiagongjingduwanquanqujueyuhexinshebei，jiushiqianmiantidaode“guangkeji”。

guangkeji，helanasimaigongsi(asml)hengsaotianxia！buhaoyisi，chanlianghaibugao，nimenmanmandengzheba！wulunshitaijidian、sanxing，haishiyingteer，sheixianmaidaoasimaideguangkeji，sheijiunenglvxianjubei7nmgongyi。meibanfa，jiushizheimeqiangda！

ribendenikanghejianengyezuoguangkeji，danjishuyuanburuasimai，zheijinianbeiasimaidadezhaobudaobei，zhinengzaididuanshichangqiangfene。

asimaishiquanqiuweiyidegaoduanguangkejishengchanshang，meitaishoujiazhishao1yimeijin，2017nianzhishengchanle12tai，2018nian24tai，zheixiedouyijingbeitaijidiansanxingyingteerqiangwanle，2019nianyuceyou40tai，qizhongyitaishijizanmendezhongxinguoji，buguozuijintingshuomomingqimiaobeishaole，deyanqijiaohuo。

jiranzheimezhongyao，zanbunengduochudianqianma？diyi：yingteeryouasimai15%degufen，taijidianyou5%，sanxingyou3%，youxieshihouba，qianbushiwannengde。dier，meidizhenglege《wasennaxieding》，minganjishubunengmai，zhongguo、chaoxian、yilang、libiyajunshibeixianzhiguojia。

youyisideshi，2009nianshanghaiweidianzide90namiguangkejiyanzhichenggong(hexinbujianjinkou)，2010nianmeidiyunxu90nmyishangshebeixiaoshoujizhongguo，houlaizhongguokaishigongguan65nmguangkeji，2015nianmeidiyunxu65nmyishangshebeixiaoshoujizhongguo，zaihoulaimeidikaishiguanbuzhuxiaodile，zhongxinguojicaiyoujihuiqujianlouyitaigaoduanji。

buguozanyebuyongqinei，zansuibianyijiafangdichangongsi，xiaoshoueqingsongmiaoshaasimai，eye！

2018niandiyouzexiaoxirangrenjingchuyishenlenghan，zuizaozhongkeyuanzhishidandanshuolejuguangkexiangmutongguoyanshou，ranhouputiangaidide“zhongguoguangkejizhongyufanshennongnubagechang”，naodaozuihoulianrenminribaodouzuobuzhule，zhijiepi“guochanguangkejizihaiwen”wudaogongzhong，sunhuaizhongguokeyanxingxiang。yinyijuyuanwen：“zheitaiguangkejiyaoxiangyingyongyuxinpian，haiyaogongkeyixiliejishunanti，julihaixiangdangyaoyuan。”

xiangbiyuguangkeji，zhongguodekeshijiyaohaohenduo，16nmkeshijiyijingliangchanyunxing，7-10nmkeshijiyezailushangle，suoyimeidihentiexindejiechuleduizhongguokeshijidefengsuo。

buguolizizhurujiyouhanchenle，2017nian8yuezhongyuyoulediyitaiguochanshangyongji，shuipingxianbutile，lizizhuruji70%deshichangfeneshimeiguoyingyongcailiaogongside。tuganguangcailiaodeyong“tujiaoxianyingji”，ribendongjingdianzigongsinazoule90%deshichangfene。jibianshiguangkejiaozheixiefuzhucailiao，yejihubeiribenxinyue、meiguotaoshidenglongduan。

2015nianzhi2020nian，guoneibandaotichanyejihuatouzi650yimeiyuan，qizhongshebeitouzi500yimeiyuan，zaiqizhong480yimeiyuanyongyugoumaijinkoushebei。

suanxialai，zheijinianzhongguonianjuntouru130yi，eryingteeryijiagongsideyanfatourujiuchaoguo130yimeiyuan。

lunbandaotishebei，zhongguo，renwubizhong、daowubiyuana！

第六：封测

xinpianzuohaohou，decongjingyuanshangqiexialai，jieshangdaoxian，zhuangshangwaiqiao，shunbianhaideceshi，zheijiujiaofengce。

fengceyouyouyoushitaiwanlaodagedetianxia，paimingshijiediyideriyueguang，houmianhaigenzheyiduishilibusudexiaodi：guipin、licheng、nanmao、xinbang、jingyuandianzi。

daludesandafengcejutou，zhangdiankeji、huatiankeji、tongfuweidian，hundedouhaibucuo，bijingzhishixinpianchanyedemoduan，jishuhanliangbugao。

小结

zheiquanjingtudagaimiaoshulecongguipiandaoxinpiandequanguochengjizhongguodeshebeizhizaoshang，jueduishiyeneizhuanjiasuozuo，zhideyikan。

中国芯

shuoqizhongguoxinpian，budebuti“hanxinshijian”。2003nianshanghaijiaotongdaxueweidianzixueyuanyuanzhangchenjinjiaoshoucongmeiguomaihuixinpian，modiaoyuanyoubiaoji，zuoweizizhuyanfachengguo，pianquwushuzijinherongyu，xiaohaodaliangshehuiziyuan，yingxiangzhieliekeweikongqian！yizhiyuhenzhangyiduanshijian，keyanquantanxinsebian，yanzhongganraolexinpianxingyedezhengchangfazhan。

guiyuanliao、xinpiansheji、jingyuanjiagong、fengce，yijixiangguandebandaotishebei，juedabufenlingyuzhongguohaishichuyu“renzhongerdaoyuan”dezhuangtai，neizheizhongmengbizhuangtaihaidechixuduojiuni？youdaan！

guowuyuanyinfade《jichengdianluchanyefazhangangyao》mingquetichu，2030nianjichengdianluchanyelianzhuyaohuanjiedadaoguojixianjinshuiping，yipiqiyejinruguojidiyitidui，chanyeshixiankuayueshifazhan。

congyanfadeguochenglaikan，xuqiubuque，zijinbuque，zhiyaoshaozuleshijian，meiliyoushaobuchuxinpian。dangqian，zhongguoxinpiandezongtishuipingchabuduochuzaiganggangshixianlingtupodejieduan，suiranshichangfenebuduo，danmeigelingyudoucanleyijiao，erqieshitoubucuo，qianjinghaishikeqidaide。

极限

wenmo，xiguanxingbaoyuanyixiarenleikejideyouzhi。xinpian，zuoweidahuoxuejiannaodainengdadaodezuigaokejishuizhun，zuoweiqigenjidenengdaililunjingranzhishigejinsililun，dianzixingweirengranmeifajingquejisuan。zaiwangdaleshuo，biekanxianzaidejishufenfanfuza，qishijiushiwanwandianzieryi，dingduozaijiageguangzi，zhiyuqitajibaizhonglizi，haiwanquanbuzhidaozenmewan！

xinpianjiagongjingduyijingdaole7nm，suiransanxingchuiniushuoyaoshaodao3nm，keneiyouruhe？nihainengjixushaoma？1nmchabuduojiushijigeyuanzieryi，liangzixiaoyingfeichangxianzhu，zuoweijishidenengdaililunjiubuhaoshile，bandaotixingyejiudezaizheierxiecai。

shaoqianyehao，shaoshijianyeba，shaodaojintoujiushililunwuli。jichukexuechuleshaoqianshaoshijian，haideshaoren，shaodeyichangcanlie，100gegaozhishang，99gedoushidianjiaoshi！gongchengshikeyibandaochujia，danwulixuejiabixukebanchushen，jichukexuebeihushilewuqianduonian，rujinmeiniantianbaoreduhaiburushuaxide。

bunengguangzhetengdianzile，weilebazhongweiziyeyongqilai，zanganjinhuyou，ai，budui，shihuyugengduohaizixuejichukexueba！